BREEDING FOR SUCCESS … TOGETHER Management Guide Parent Stock
2 LOHMANN OFFERS A WIDE RAN COMPETITIVE LOHMANN BROWN-CLASSIC LOHMANN LSL-CLASSIC LOHMANN TRADITION LOHMANN BROWN-LITE LOHMANN LSL-LITE LOHMANN BROWN-EXTRA LOHMANN LSL-EXTRA LOHMANN LSL-ULTRA LITE
3 3 NGE OF BREEDERS LOHMANN SANDY LOHMANN SILVER FOR PERFOMANCE DATA click on breed names
4 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE CONTENT Introduction 5 Breeding Scheme 6 HOUSING SYSTEMS 8 Floor Housing Systems 9 Cage Housing Systems 10 Comparison and Considerations 11 From Rear to Production 12 Stocking Density 13 Ventilation 15 Perching 19 BIOSECURITY 22 3 major components of Biosecurity 23 Biosecurity programmes 24 Infectious Diseases 25 Pest Control 26 HOUSING & BROODING 27 House Preparation 28 Placement 29 Temperature 30 Adjusting the house temperature 31 Humidity 32 Additional feeders 32 Chick Paper 32 Drinking 33 Early lighting programme 33 Measuring crop fill 34 Early chick development 35 EARLY MANAGEMENT 36 The Preparation Period 37 Parent stock development 38 Male management 40 Sexual organ development in males 42 Key management practices 44 Feathering 46 Body weight and uniformity 49 Methods for evaluating body weight and uniformity 50 Body weight tables 51 Main areas of focus 52 Guidelines for rearing and production 53 Feeding 54 Feed Training 55 Crop checking 56 Feeding concepts 57 Monitoring and adjustments 58 LIGHTING 59 Light sources in poultry houses 60 Lighting programme 61 Tailor-made lighting programmes 62 Light intensity 64 NUTRITION OF PULLETS & BREEDERS 65 Preparation period 66 The first 5 weeks: The basis 68 5–10 weeks: Frame development 69 10–16/17 weeks: Gut & Feed intake development 70 Till 30 weeks: End of preparation period 71 Vitamins & Minerals 73 Production period 77 Crop & Gizzard 78 Feed Intake 79 Feed Energy 80 Feed structure and presentation 80 Fibre 83 Amino acids 84 Egg size and reproduction 85 Lighting programme & Egg size 86 Body weight & Egg size 86 Nutrition & Egg size 87 Amino acids intake levels & Egg weight 87 Levels of added oil or fat & Egg size 87 Fat & Oil 88 Water 89 Recommended nutrient levels 90 HEALTH 93 Parasites 94 Red Mite 95 Coccidiosis 96 Vaccination 96 Breeder vaccination applications 98 HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT 100 Uniformity and Eggshell quality 101 Hatching egg collection 102 Selection of hatching eggs 102 Disinfection of hatching eggs 103 Egg storage 104 Transport to the hatchery 105
5 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE INTRODUCTION Spanning over 65 years, LOHMANN has been a premier breeding firm specialising in laying hens. We take pride in our genetic diversity, boasting the richest biodiversity and the broadest array of breeding lines. From the beginning, relentless research and development have been essential pillars of LOHMANN’S sustainable breeding strategy. Every LOHMANN breed is distinctly developed to guarantee the highest calibre parent stock and layers, leading to profitable egg production. Source lines are carefully selected, and continuous genetic enhancement within pure lines ensures LOHMANN birds consistently satisfy market needs. Peak performance at both parent and commercial levels relies on a blend of genetic potential and external factors like environmental conditions, health status, nutrition, and management. Managing these non-genetic variables is crucial to enable birds to fully express their genetic capabilities. The ensuing guidelines in this manual are derived from scientific research findings and, most importantly, handson experience gathered in the field. This management programme is crafted to serve as a handbook for newcomers while also assisting seasoned poultry farmers in maximising the performance of LOHMANN breeds. However, regional conditions may necessitate specific modifications for optimal outcomes. Please ensure compliance with the legal requirements unique to your area and country. By adopting these management practices, farmers can achieve consistent, high-quality egg production while maximising return on investment and supporting the ongoing success of LOHMANN breeds. LOHMANN’s dedication to sustainable breeding methods, animal welfare, and technological advancements ensures that farmers are equipped with the best tools and knowledge to thrive. LOHMANN breeds have consistently demonstrated success from the outset through excellent field performance and independent test results across various housing systems and climate conditions worldwide. We encourage you to maintain accurate records of your flock’s performance and contact your LOHMANN BREEDERS representative for any additional information or support. LOHMANN BREEDERS ”IT’S THE EGG”
6 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE A AB C BREEDING SCHEME B CD D LOHMANN LSL Pure Lines Grandparents Parents Commercials ABCD ABCD ABCD A B C D A B C D
7 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE AB BREEDING SCHEME CD LOHMANN BROWN Pure Lines Grandparents Parents Commercials ABCD ABCD ABCD A A C B C D A B D B C D
8 HOUSING SYSTEMS Selecting the appropriate housing system for parent stock is crucial for optimising bird health, productivity, and welfare. Two main systems dominate the industry: floor housing and cage housing, each possessing distinct characteristics and considerations. The choice between these systems should align with the specific goals and needs of the poultry operation, as each offers its own set of advantages and challenges. LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › HOUSING SYSTEMS
9 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT FULL FLOOR The most traditional floor system; litter areas allow birds to engage in natural behaviours like scratching and foraging, enhancing health and productivity. However, regular maintenance is necessary to manage biosecurity risks and prevent pathogen buildup. AVIARY Aviary systems provide a complex environment with multiple levels, perches, and nesting areas. By offering more space and encouraging natural behaviours, aviaries can improve bird productivity but may require more intensive management and higher labour costs. SLAT SYSTEMS Full Slats This system uses raised platforms made of plastic or metal slats, allowing manure to fall through and keeping birds cleaner while reducing disease risk. Full slats excel in space efficiency and cleanliness. Floor Houses with 2/₃ Slats and ¹/₃ Litter This hybrid system combines the benefits of both slats and litter areas. Birds are provided with two-thirds of the floor space covered with slats, which helps in maintaining cleanliness and reducing disease risk, while the remaining onethird is covered with litter, allowing birds to engage in natural behaviours like scratching and foraging. This setup aims to balance the advantages of both systems, promoting bird welfare and productivity while managing biosecurity risks effectively. FLOOR HOUSING SYSTEMS This traditional approach is frequently chosen for its benefits in enhancing bird welfare and productivity. Various floor system types offer unique features:
10 FAMILY CAGES Family cages house small groups of birds together, allowing for social interaction while still providing the benefits of cage systems such as efficient management and biosecurity. These cages are designed to balance welfare with productivity. SINGLE CAGES Single cages house individual birds, making it easier to monitor and manage each bird's health, feeding, and egg production. This system can be beneficial for detailed tracking and preventing disease spread among birds, thus improving overall productivity. ENRICHED CAGES Enriched cages are designed to improve welfare within a cage system by including features such as perches, nesting areas, and more space. These cages aim to allow birds to exhibit more natural behaviours while still maintaining the advantages of cage housing, potentially enhancing productivity. CAGE HOUSING SYSTEMS Cage housing, where birds are kept in individual or group cages, is a more controlled environment that is often used for its efficiency in management and production. There are several types of cage systems, including family cages, single cages, and enriched cages, each offering different benefits. LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › HOUSING SYSTEMS
11 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT COMPARISON AND CONSIDERATIONS When choosing between floor and cage systems, several factors must be considered, including flock size, management capabilities, biosecurity measures, space utilisation, and local legislation. Cage & colony systems can be more efficient in relation to space utilisation, allowing more hens within the house footprint. Cage or colony systems reduce the risk of floor & system eggs impacting on productivity levels. Cage systems have a clear advantage in biosecurity due to reduced contact with litter and better control over hygiene. Floor housing generally allows for more space utilisation, with birds able to roam freely. Floor systems encourage movement which can lead to more robust hens, therefore improving productivity levels. The choice of system should balance short-term productivity with long-term health and productivity goals. Floor systems require stringent maintenance to manage biosecurity risks effectively. PRODUCTIVITY SPACE UTILISATION CONCLUSION In conclusion, selecting the appropriate parent stock housing system is a pivotal decision in poultry farming, influencing the overall health, productivity, and welfare of the birds. Both floor and cage housing systems offer their own distinct advantages and present unique challenges, making it crucial for poultry operations to carefully evaluate their specific needs and objectives. Floor systems often foster natural behaviours and provide more space, but they require diligent maintenance to manage biosecurity risks. On the other hand, cage systems excel in biosecurity and egg collection efficiency but may limit the expression of natural behaviours. By understanding these trade-offs and leveraging advancements in housing design, poultry farmers can optimise both productivity and bird welfare. Ultimately, a balanced approach that considers short-term and long-term goals, alongside effective management strategies, will contribute to the sustainable and successful rearing and production of parent stock. BIOSECURITY
12 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › HOUSING SYSTEMS As a general rule: Any breeder flocks destined for a cage free environment in production should be reared in a cage free environment. If this isn't possible some alternate combinations can work. If this isn't possible some alternate combinations can work. If this isn't possible some alternate combinations can work. If this isn't possible some alternate combinations can work. If this isn't possible some alternate combinations can work. If this isn't possible some alternate combinations can work. And some should be completely avoided ! FROM REAR TO PRODUCTION Ensuring that the housing system used during the rear phase matches the one used in the production phase is crucial for optimising the health and productivity of layer hen parent stock. A consistent housing environment minimises stress and promotes stable behaviour patterns, which are essential for the wellbeing of the hens. When birds are accustomed to a particular type of housing, sudden changes can lead to disruptions in their laying performance and overall health. By maintaining the same housing system, we can ensure that hens adapt smoothly to their production environment. REAR YOUR CHICKS IN THE RIGHT ENVIRONMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION HOUSE ALL PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT CHICKS ARE TRAINED ON SHOULD BE THE SAME THEY WILL BE USING IN THE PRODUCTION HOUSE FLOOR / AVIARY REARING NIPPLE CAGE REARING CHAIN PAN NIPPLE BELL PAN CHAIN CAGE + FLOOR PRODUCTION NIPPLE CAGE PRODUCTION CHAIN PAN BELL NIPPLE CHAIN PAN
13 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT SPACE EQUIPMENT VENTILATION BEHAVIOUR SPACE FOR FEED & WATER NUMBER OF NEST BOXES DISEASE TRANSFERENCE FEED COMPETITION BODY WEIGHT & UNIFORMITY The relationship between stocking density and the performance of our hens is something we should not ignore. Often there is a tendency to assume more hens equals more profit, but this isn’t the case. In fact, this can be the exact opposite. Higher stocking density has long reaching implications on all aspects of animal husbandry, from ventilation, behavioural responses, body weight and uniformity influences to feed competition and disease transference. Balancing the stocking density of our hens and the equipment we provide is essential both in rear and in production. In rear, we must be mindful of the fact that our hens are continuously growing so the space available to our hens on day one is not the same as what’s available at the end of rearing period. The same goes for availability of feed and water space. As we move into production, we need to be mindful of the environmental influences and changes in requirements such as adequate nest box allocation and space to allow natural and comfort behaviours to be carried out unhindered. As always, we should be mindful of local regulations both welfare and legislative. Alongside manufacturers recommendations based on each system and environmental influences such as hot climates. FACTORS THAT ARE INFLUENCED BY STOCKING DENSITY STOCKING DENSITY Adhere to recognised Stocking density regulations to achieve the full genetic potential of the hens.
14 Floor Systems Rearing Production 0–3 weeks from 3 weeks onwards STOCKING DENSITY Floor Aviary 15–20 chicks/m² usable space 18–20 chicks/m² usable space 8–10 pullets/m² usable space 15–18 pullets/m² usable space 6–9 birds/m² usable space 13–15 birds/m² usable space WATER Nipple Drinker space 12–15 chicks 0.8 cm/chick 10–12 pullets 0.8–1 cm/chick 8–10 birds 1 cm/chick FEEDER SPACE 2.5–5 cm/chick 5–8 cm/pullet 10–12 cm/bird Cage Systems Rearing Production 0–3 weeks from 3 weeks onwards STOCKING DENSITY 200–400 cm² 400–600/cm² 750–800 birds/cm² WATER 12–15 chicks/nipple 10–12 pullets/nipple 8–10 birds/nipple FEEDER SPACE 2.5–5 cm/chick 5–8 cm/pullet 10–12 cm/bird Nest Space SINGLE NEST 4–7 hens/Single Nest GROUP NEST 100–120 hens/m² Group Nest AS A GERNERAL GUIDE LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › HOUSING SYSTEMS These general guidelines establish best practices, which should be adapted to align with the legal, regulatory, and specific standards of each country, region and individual requirements. In hot climates, provide extra space, such as lower stocking density, improved ventilation, and adequate drinker and feeder access to reduce heat stress and maintain bird comfort, health, and performance.
15 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT The Vital Role of Ventilation in Poultry Houses: Ensuring Health and Productivity Maintaining an optimal environment is crucial for the health, growth, and productivity of the birds. While factors such as nutrition and biosecurity are often highlighted, the importance of proper ventilation in poultry houses cannot be overstated. Ventilation is the cornerstone of environmental management, influencing the wellbeing and performance of the flock. Control of Humidity Elevated humidity can foster pathogen proliferation and result in soggy litter, facilitating disease outbreaks. Proper ventilation maintains ideal moisture levels, keeping the litter dry and lowering the chances of infections like respiratory illnesses. Ammonia and Gas Removal Poultry bedding generates ammonia, which can ascend to dangerous concentrations if not adequately controlled. High ammonia levels can harm the birds' respiratory systems, weakening their immunity and hindering growth. Ventilation mechanisms efficiently extract ammonia and other noxious gases, enhancing air quality and avian health. Dust and Dander Control Poultry environments can become laden with dust, with minute particles impacting both the birds and caretakers. Mechanical ventilation systems aid in diminishing dust buildup, thereby elevating overall air purity. Fresher air reduces respiratory complications and boosts the flock's respiratory wellbeing. Regulation of Temperature Avian species are especially vulnerable to shifts in temperature. Excessive heat can cause thermal stress, decrease feed consumption, and even prove lethal. Conversely, during colder periods, insufficient airflow may create moist, frigid environments that make birds susceptible to respiratory ailments. Effective ventilation systems stabilise indoor climates, providing a pleasant setting for the birds. WHY VENTILATION MATTERS VENTILATION
16 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › HOUSING SYSTEMS BENEFITS OF PROPER VENTILATION BENEFITS OF GOOD AIR CIRCULATION Ensures even distribution of fresh air around the poultry house Air movement and circulation can remove Airborne viral diseases from the environment Moisture removal Helps maintain dry litter and prevents respiratory issues. Dust removal Reduces the risk of disease transmission. An effective circulation system will mix warm air from higher levels with cooler air from lower levels to create a more balanced environment. Fresh air supply Ensures a continuous supply of oxygen. Gas removal Eliminates harmful gases like ammonia which can lead to health issues within the flock. Ventilation at a glance
17 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT Natural Ventilation Relies on the innate movement of air through deliberately positioned openings in the poultry house. Although economical, it may offer limited control and might not deliver sufficient ventilation under extreme climatic conditions. Mechanical Ventilation Uses fans and ventilators to manage air quality and temperature. This approach provides more accurate regulation of environmental parameters, essential for upholding uniform standards in large-scale poultry operations. Hybrid Systems Merge both natural and mechanical ventilation techniques to fine-tune conditions according to seasonal changes and specific needs. Methods of Ventilation
18 Designing a ventilation system requires careful consideration. Factors such as the size of the house, the number of birds, and local climate conditions influence design decisions. Regular maintenance is also critical to ensure the systems function correctly, involving periodic checks and cleaning of fans, inlets, and other components. POOR VENTILATION Can lead to E. coli, respiratory diseases, poor feed intake, ammonia blindness, poor egg quality and reduced production. EXCESSIVE VENTILATION Can cause E. coli, respiratory diseases, nervousness, crowding, and poor litter quality. UNEVEN VENTILATION Can result in E. coli, respiratory disease, poor feed intake, floor eggs, nervousness, crowding, and poor litter quality. MONITOR AIR QUALITY While we can utilise modern technology to keep a close eye on attributes such as ammonia levels and CO2, we shouldn’t underestimate the best tool at our disposal; our own senses. Our eyes and ears are our first alert to issues within the poultry house. DON’T BE AFRAID TO ADJUST THE VENTILATION RATES While modern systems are equipped with built in sensors to adjust and regulate ventilation, factors such as bird numbers and activity levels often aren’t taken into account. Work closely with your equipment suppliers, so you understand how to operate your system effectively. ENSURE EVEN AIR DISTRIBUTION The collaboration of air inlets and outlets should be working together effectively to provide a balanced airflow throughout your house. Remember that the equipment within the house can redivert airflow. AVOID DRAUGHTS Ensure air movement doesn’t create air pockets that can potentially influence negative behaviour within your flock, such as huddling or restricted movement. REGULAR MAINTENANCE Keep the equipment clean and in good working order throughout the rearing and production cycles. Make sure the equipment is tested and reset between every flock cycle. VENTILATION MANAGEMENT TIPS Minimum Ventilation rates Requirement 0.4 m3/hour/kg live bird Purpose Ensures a basic level of air exchange to maintain air quality. Required capacity 4 m3/hour/kg live bird Purpose Provides sufficient air movement to maintain optimal conditions, especially during periods of high activity or temperature extremes. Air quality levels Ammonia (NH3): Maximum 20 ppm Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Maximum 2500 ppm Common problems with inefficient Ventilation LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › HOUSING SYSTEMS
19 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT Perching is an instinctive behaviour for birds, primarily serving as a method of predator avoidance during rest, a way to establish social hierarchy, and as part of their normal roosting habits. In their natural environment, birds, including chickens, perch at night to escape ground-dwelling predators. Additionally, perching provides hens with a sense of security and comfort, allowing them to perform natural behaviours that contribute to their physiological and psychological health. Perching should be provided from the rearing period through to production. Certain skills must be developed to use perching efficiently, so access at an early age is essential. Allowing young chicks to learn these skills by four weeks of age will benefit them throughout their lives. Failing to do so can have long-term adverse effects on behaviours such as floor eggs and pecking later in life. PERCHING BENEFITS OF PERCHING Bone Health Perching helps enhance bone strength. Research has demonstrated that hens with regular access to perches have stronger, denser bones compared to those deprived of perching opportunities. This is particularly crucial in layers, where bone strength can be compromised due to continuous calcium depletion for eggshell production. Social Structure Perches help establish a social hierarchy within the flock. By allowing dominant hens to claim higher perches, it reduces aggressive interactions on the ground, as pecking order disputes decrease. This is particularly important in breeder flocks. Natural Behaviour Expression Allowing hens to perch satisfies their natural behavioural needs. This opportunity for expression minimises stress, leading to healthier birds and an overall increase in wellbeing.
20 Positioning Perches need to be positioned strategically to avoid blocking access to resources such as food and water, and they should be stable to prevent tipping. In some countries, there are strict rules ranging from the height of the perch to distances from the walls. Always check your local regulatory bodies when installing perching. Perch Design The design of perches is crucial. They should be comfortable and adequately sized for the chickens. Rough-surfaced, flat or oval-shaped perches are preferred over round ones to prevent foot injuries. Material Using durable materials that can be easily cleaned and sanitised is vital to maintaining hygiene and preventing disease. Implementing Effective Perching Systems Modern aviary systems are designed with perching in mind and adhere to regulatory advice to fulfil all requirements. However, those breeding on floor systems may need to provide additional raised perching for the benefit of the hens. Several factors need consideration to ensure effectiveness: LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › HOUSING SYSTEMS
21 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT Positioning of Perches 3 1 A-Frame Perches can be provided on the slats or even in the scratch/litter area. However, in breeder flocks, ensure you aren’t impeding movement during mating time. Using shorter sections of A-frame allows for easy movement within the house, as they tend to be more lightweight and easier to move. 2 Edge of slat: Hens must be able to wrap their toes around. 3 Over Feed Tracks: Perches should be positioned at a height to prevent birds from perching on the edge of the track to avoid soiling the feed. 4 Minimum height 45 cm 5 At least 45 cm and not more than 60 cm from the slats to the first perch (floor systems). 6 Angles between perches less than 45° 7 Horizontal distance of 30 cm 8 Rearing: 5–8 cm per pullet raised perching / Production: 15 cm per hen raised perching 9 At least 45 cm clear space above the perch to allow the hens to stand in a normal upright manner. 10 Distance from a wall at least 20 cm. 2 1 4 8 5 6 7 Litter Slat 10 6 5 7 9
22 BIOSECURITY On breeder level, we do not only have the responsibility to keep our own birds healthy to ensure an excellent development in rearing and a profitable production. Various diseases can be transmitted vertically from breeders to their progeny. Therefore, a strict sanitary control on parent stock level is the basis to control these diseases also in commercial layers. Only a healthy PS flock can produce high-quality hatching eggs, free from pathogens, to promote the development of the embryo into a first quality chick. Biosecurity programmes are fundamental to maintain the health status of our birds. Biosecurity means taking steps to ensure good hygiene practices are in place so the risk of an occurrence or spreading of a disease from or to your premises is limited. Therefore, biosecurity planning should be an essential part of your farm strategy. BENEFITS OF GOOD BIOSECURITY Helps to restrict the risk of introducing diseases to your premises Restricts the spread of disease on and off your site Reduces the threat of challenges to your flock which can impact performance (productivity and hatchability) Cuts potential cost of disease treatment which will improve profitability Decreases the risk of transmission of pathogens to hatchery and progeny GOOD BIOSECURITY should be practiced at all times and not just during a disease outbreak! LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › HOUSING SYSTEMS
HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT 23 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE 3 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF BIOSECURITY Implementing a system whereby the farm has a complete period with no hens onsite during cleanout and disinfection period and only stocking single age groups will drastically reduce the disease pressure. Restrict and control the vehicle and visitor movement on and off your farm, both internal and external. The disinfection of materials, people, and equipment entering and on the farm. It refers also to cleaning and disinfection procedures of poultry facilities during the service period. TRAFFIC CONTROL ALL-IN / ALL-OUT SANITATION The core element of biosecurity programmes often involves transforming the perspective on what is considered clean versus dirty and acting accordingly. Understanding the rationale behind specific biosecurity measures on a farm can greatly aid in convincing staff to follow these guidelines. Biosecurity protocols should be straightforward, easy to understand, mutually accepted, and regularly assessed. Implementing biosecurity is the most affordable and efficient method for disease management. The challenge lies not in the implementation of a biosecurity programme but in sustaining it over time. Continuous training may help to keep your personnel motivated. A WRITTEN BIOSECURITY PLAN should not only consider potential risk areas on your site but also the risk from outside sources. Please consult your veterinarian and the LOHMANN BREEDERS Technical Service Team for more information. Biosecurity
24 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › BIOSECURITY BIOSECURITY PROGRAMMES The core element of biosecurity programmes often involves transforming the perspective on what is considered clean versus dirty and acting accordingly. Understanding the rationale behind specific biosecurity measures on a farm can greatly aid in convincing staff to follow these guidelines. WHAT SHOULD I DO ? Biosecurity protocols . . . . . . should be straightforward, easy to understand, mutually accepted, and regularly assessed. Implementing biosecurity . . . . . . is the most affordable and efficient method for disease management. The challenge . . . . . . lies not in the implementation of a biosecurity programme but in sustaining it over time. Continuous training . . . . . . may help to keep your personnel motivated. Create physical barriers to divide dirty and clean areas. Change shoes and clothes when entering the farm. Wash and disinfect your hands properly. A shower should be mandatory before entering the farm. It has to be clean, warm, and comfortable. Farm-specific clothing must be available for all staff and visitors. Changes your shoes before entering the chicken house. A physical barrier and different colours of the shoes help to respect the different zones.
HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT 25 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE ACTIONS & PLANNING Creating a written “Biosecurity Plan” will help you to identify and assess risk areas, allowing you to make improvements where possible. INFECTIOUS DISEASES can spread from farm-to-farm and flock-to-flock! Wild animals Manure Egg transmission Rodents Impure water Carcasses of dead birds Diseased or carrier birds Insects & mites Contaminated vehicles Tools & equipment Visitors & staff Shoes & clothing Airborne fomites Feed TECHNICAL GUIDE “HYGIENE & BIOSECURITY”
26 26 PEST CONTROL Pest control includes all measures taken to prevent the introduction and spread of pathogens by vermin (esp. rodents and birds) and insects. LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › BIOSECURITY RODENTS BIRDS INSECTS Infestations of rats or mice can negatively impact the health status of the flock. Many pathogens like E. coli, Erysipelas or Pasteurella can be passed by contact to rodents and their excretions. Active measures Installing bait stations. Maintaining a rodent control programme. Passive measures Ensure the perimeter surrounding the house is clear of grass and other organic materials. Maintain the structural integrity of walls. Ensure feed is stored in a manner that keeps it free from rodent contamination. Promptly remove any spilled feed. Establish an insecticide programme. Manure management is also very important to prevent flies. It is very important to exclude other birds from entering hen houses. Bird-proof houses can be constructed using special netting. Bird’s faeces are also very infectious material. Direct or indirect contact should be completely avoided. Clean farm surroundings MONITORING FLIES
HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT 27 27 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE HOUSING & BROODING The housing and brooding periods are among the most critical phases in the life of a breeder. Along with proper rearing to achieve a top-quality pullet, these stages form the main pillars of a successful production period. During the first few days of life, chicks are unable to regulate their body temperature. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure the correct ambient temperature and appropriate humidity levels. Additionally, early access to water and feed, as well as proper lighting and ventilation, are essential parameters to consider during the placement and brooding of day-old chickens.
28 28 LIGHTING Ensure that the lighting levels in the house are adequate, provided by proper light sources during operational hours. Aim for even light distribution, avoiding any shadows. EMPTY HOUSE An empty house and all the equipment must undergo a thorough terminal cleanout and disinfection. Collect samples and verify that the microbiological results meet the required standards. AIR HUMIDITY Should be at a minimum level of 60%. Low humidity can lead to chick dehydration, stress, and increased risk of respiratory issues. Humidity above 80% may cause wet litter and elevated ammonia levels. TEMPERATURE Maintain the air temperature at 35 – 36°C (95–96.8°F) at chick level. This temperature should be kept consistent for the first 48 – 72 hours. VENTILATION After achieving the desired temperature, let the ventilation work at its minimum level. This can help prevent temperature differentials in the rearing house. SUMMER / WINTER For hot seasons, warm up the house 24 hours before the chicks arrive, and for cold seasons, start 48 hours in advance. For floor housing, begin this process before distributing the litter. HOUSE PREPARATION prior to the chicks arrival Housing & Brooding LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › HOUSING & BROODING
HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT 29 29 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE FEED & WATER Ensure that fresh, high-quality feed and water are evenly distributed throughout the house. EQUIPMENT Check all equipment for functionality (feeders, drinkers, heaters, lights, etc.) WATER Water temperature Ensure it is between the optimal 20 – 25°C (68 – 77°F). DRINKERS The drinkers should be set at an appropriate height for the new flock and adjusted according to the age of the chicks. To maintain water quality and freshness, and to regulate water temperature, it may be necessary to change the water in the bell drinkers and/or flush the nipple lines. The water pressure should be reduced to allow droplets to form on the nipple drinkers, making it easier for the chicks to locate the water. PLACEMENT Regardless of the housing system, the placement of the flock is crucial for early adaptation. It helps the chicks locate feed and water more easily. After arrival of the chicks, place them close to water and feed.
30 30 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › HOUSING & BROODING TEMPERATURE In the first days after hatch, the chicks are not able to regulate their own body temperature; they are dependent on an external heat source. Ensuring an even temperature spread throughout the house will encourage good movement and utilisation of the feeders and drinkers. House Temperature The house should have already been pre-warmed up to 35– 36°C (95– 96.8°F) prior to housing. Chick guards can help provide a draught free environment and keep the birds within an area where the climate is optimal (and close to feed and water) in those first few days. The ambient temperature needs to be monitored and maintained. Body Temperature The optimal body temperature of the chick is around 40–41°C (104–105.8°F). Checking the chick’s temperature from day one is a very useful tool not only to monitor the health status but also as an indicator of the ambient environment within the house, helping you to manage your systems to obtain optimum temperature levels. A simple modern ear thermometer can be used for this purpose. Litter Maintain the appropriate litter / paper and floor temperature. Do not distribute the litter until the floor reaches the recommended temperature. Suitable litter materials include wood shavings, cellulose pellets, or straw. Ensure that the litter is free from any pathogens. For cages, it is required to use specialised chicken paper. Desired Air temperatures at bird level dependent on age Age Cage Rearing Floor Rearing °C °F °C °F Day 1–2* 35 95 36 97 Day 3–4 33 91 34 93 Day 5–7 31 88 32 90 Week 2 28 82 29 84 Week 3 26 79 27 81 Week 4 22 72 24 75 from Week 5 18–20 64–68 18–20 64–68 * Optimal chick body temperatures range between 40–41°C (104–106°F) and serve as the most reliable reference for regulating house temperature. Air: 34 –36°C / 93.2–96.9°F Floor/Concrete: ≥ 28°C / ≥ 82.4°F Litter: ≥ 32°C / ≥ 89,6°F Recommended temperature levels at housing Always adjust the house temperature according to the chicks’ body temperature and behaviour.
HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT 31 31 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE ADJUSTING THE HOUSE TEMPERATURE Take random samples of chicks' body temperatures from various parts of the house to create a comprehensive overview of the environment. Use the same method you apply when weighing chicks. When you have the readings, you need to calculate an average and record the uniformity. Using this calculation, you can adjust the house temperature accordingly to achieve optimal chick temperatures of 40–41°C. For example, increase the house temperature by 0.5°C (0.9°F) if the average body temperature of the chicks is 39.5°C (103.1°F). Chicks’ behaviour is THE best indicator if the housing conditions are set effectively for the chicks wellbeing. CLOACAL RECORDING SHEET Too high temperatures and the chicks will move away from the heat source and begin to pant while drooping their wings. Often noise levels will be low and subdued. Too low temperatures and the chicks will start crowding and piling together close to a heat source. They start to express distress calls, often accompanied by a visible rigid posture. Correct temperature will be demonstrated by an even spread of chicks in the brooding area. The sound will be low and relaxed, and drinking and eating behaviours will be clearly seen. Draught or uneven light distribution will make the chicks gather in specific areas often in corners. Too much variation in ventilation flow or in light distribution increases the risk of this behaviour. EXTERNAL FACTORS WHICH COULD HAVE A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON THE BODY TEMPERATURE OF THE CHICKS: Insufficient air distribution in the house Low humidity level (low heat transfer capacity of the air) Failing to pre-warm the house at the right time
32 32 ADDITIONAL FEEDERS For the first few days, additional feeders such as bowls or pans can be placed sparingly to help achieve a balanced early intake throughout the flock. CHICK PAPER Suitable chick paper should be used in these first weeks. This is not only beneficial for your feed management strategy, but also for effective cocci replication, and in cage systems it can help prevent long-term foot injuries HUMIDITY Balancing the level of humidity with the house temperature in the first few weeks is crucial to help obtain an optimum environment. The first week, 60–70% relative humidity should be achieved. For the second week, 60% is optimal to aid cocci replication. LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › HOUSING & BROODING
HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT 33 33 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE EARLY LIGHTING PROGRAMME Upon arrival at the farm, day-old chicks exhibit varied behaviours; some rest following their journey from the hatchery, while others immediately seek out food and water. An intermittent lighting programme is well-suited to accommodate this irregular activity, as it promotes movement, harmonises flock behaviour, and encourages the search for feed and water resources. Additionally, such a programme facilitates comprehensive observation of the entire flock. Periods of darkness benefit chicks by enabling sleep, supporting the establishment of circadian rhythms, and contributing positively to immune system development, growth rates, digestion, general health, and a reduction in early first-week mortality. The standard schedule consists of four hours of light followed by two hours of darkness, repeated over a 24 hour window. However in some countries this isn't possible due to legislation. Nevertheless, the schedule can be adjusted to fit with ANY regulation, please speak to your LOHMANN advisor. An intermittent lighting schedule should only be used up to 7 or 10 days and then you can switch to your standard step-down lighting programme. Adherence to local regulations is imperative. DRINKING For the first 2 or 3 hours after housing, it can be beneficial to dip the beak of some chicks into the water and onto the nipples themselves. This can stimulate the motivation to drink. They will then soon find the feed after a drink. 2 h 2 h 2 h 2 h 4 h 4 h 4 h 4 h Darkness Light Intermittent lighting programme
34 34 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › HOUSING & BROODING MEASURING CROP FILL Crop measuring is an excellent tool in ascertaining the feeding behaviour of any flock through rear into production. However it is of particular relevance here. The first two days of drinking and feeding are crucial, and it can often be difficult to assess the feeding behaviour due to the abundance of feed we offer in those first few days. To ensure the birds are taking to the feed, crop checking should begin on day one of housing. A simple way to check this is to manually check the size and shape of the crops. Repeat this procedure during first hours and days after placement throughout the house. Select a random sample of chicks in the house. Gently feel the crop. You should notice a round, full sac filled with water and feed. Create a simple table to record your sampling. If you notice any of chicks are not taking to the water and feed, gently dip their beaks in water and place them near the feed and water source. Make sure that the chicks have reached the optimal body temperature of 40–41°C. 1 2 3 This information should be documented in your monitoring records. As time progresses, you should observe an increasing number of chicks with feed in their crops. By the 24-hour mark, all chicks should have taken to the water and feed, which will be evident in their crops. The effort you invest in crop checking now will yield significant benefits for the flock later on, reducing the first week mortality. Example of Recording Crop Fill Number of chicks with full crops 4 h 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 14 h 24 h 50 chick control group (as an example) Hours since placement 42 = 50 % 42 = 85 % 50 = 100 %
HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT 35 35 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY CHICK DEVELOPMENT Understanding early development and its dietary needs is crucial for effective management decisions during this critical phase. By carefully creating and maintaining optimal housing and brooding conditions within the poultry house, and applying best rearing management practices, producers lay the groundwork for excellent pullet quality. This period lays the groundwork for a successful production cycle, ensuring strong reproductive performance and long-term productivity. Week 1–3: INITIAL DEVELOPMENT Organs form and the immune system develops rapidly in the first three weeks. Week 3–6: SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR GROWTH Weeks three to six focus on skeleton and muscle development. Proper weight during this time is crucial for high-quality parent stock; growth delays can reduce later performance. Week 6–15: GROWTH DECELERATION Growth slows from week six to fifteen, with increases in size and mass becoming more gradual. Week 15 Onwards: REPRODUCTIVE MATURATION After week fifteen, birds experience rapid reproductive organ growth and hormonal changes, leading to sexual maturity and readiness for breeding. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718 192021 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 gram per day Main organs Muscles & Skeleton Medullary bone Reproductive system PROTEIN BONES FAT DEVELOPMENT OF
36 36 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › EARLY MANAGEMENT EARLY MANAGEMENT Nutrition & Feeding Practices Housing & Environmental Conditions Early Management & Brooding THE PREPARATION PERIOD Biosecurity Measures Monitoring & Data Recording Impact on Productivity The development of chicks from a young age is crucial for ensuring their productivity and overall health later in life. Proper management practices, nutrition, housing, and biosecurity measures play a significant role in achieving optimal performance and profitability in poultry farming.
HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT 37 37 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE Research shows that the rearing period of laying hens significantly influences both the effectiveness and the duration of their production cycle. As laying cycles become longer and management approaches, such as free-range breeding, are increasingly adopted, it becomes essential to adequately prepare flocks for upcoming challenges. LOHMANN identifies this critical stage as “THE PREPARATION PERIOD.” THE PREPARATION PERIOD: FOUNDATION FOR LAYING HEN PERFORMANCE Developmental Growth and Skeletal Development including skeletal health, is critical during this stage. Proper body weight gain and strong skeletal structure are vital for health and future egg production. Environmental Training for Cage-Free Flocks For breeder flocks destined for cage-free systems, environmental training should be incorporated. This helps birds adapt to the specific conditions and behaviours associated with cage-free housing, supporting welfare and long-term productivity. Nutrition is vital for extending the production cycle of LOHMANN laying hens. Proper feeding is important throughout, especially during the late laying period when nutrient absorption and immunity drop. Hens need adequate energy for growth, feathers, and egg production, but overfeeding can harm egg quality and production rates. Achieving the right energy balance supports performance and welfare. Immune and Digestive System Development Special attention should be given to supporting the proper development of both the immune and digestive systems. These systems are fundamental to the bird’s ability to resist disease and efficiently utilise nutrients throughout its life. DURATION AND IMPORTANCE OF THE PREPARATION PERIOD The preparation period encompasses the first 0 to 30 weeks of the hen’s life. Within this timeframe, hens experience several key developmental changes that form the basis for their later performance and productivity.
38 38 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › EARLY MANAGEMENT EARLY DEVELOPMENT The initial weeks are crucial for the development of organs and the immune system. Rapid growth during this period is essential to reach body weight targets and ensure good uniformity and liveability. Key management practices include maintaining optimal temperature, humidity, and lighting conditions, ensuring access to clean water and high-quality feed, and monitoring chick behaviour and crop fill to ensure proper feed and water intake. GROWTH PHASE During this phase, the focus shifts to skeletal and muscle development. Achieving the correct body weight and uniformity is critical. Management practices include providing adequate feeder and drinker space, maintaining appropriate stocking densities, and implementing a lighting programme that supports growth. Feed intake training and the use of insoluble grit can help develop the digestive system and improve feed efficiency. ONSET DEVELOPMENT This period is characterised by the development of the reproductive system and the medullary bone, which is essential for calcium storage. Monitoring body weight and uniformity is crucial, and adjustments to feed and lighting programmes may be necessary to ensure optimal development. STAGE 1: 0–10 WEEKS STAGE 2: 10 0 3 10 PARENT STOCK DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE PREPARATION PERIOD Weeks of age 5
HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT 39 39 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE ONSET OF LAY As birds approach the onset of lay, it is important to manage their environment to support continued growth and reproductive development. This includes maintaining appropriate temperatures, ventilation, and lighting conditions, as well as ensuring access to high-quality feed and water. The transition to the laying house should be managed carefully to minimise stress and support a smooth adaptation to the new environment. PRODUCTION PERIOD During the production period, the focus is on maintaining body weight, feed intake, and overall health to support sustained egg production. Regular monitoring of body weight, feed and water consumption, and egg production is essential. Management practices should aim to optimise the environment, including lighting, ventilation, and biosecurity measures, to ensure the health and productivity of the flock. 0–20 WEEKS STAGE 3: 20–30 WEEKS 18 20
40 40 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE › EARLY MANAGEMENT EARLY DEVELOPMENT Beak Treatment A slight trimming of the beak can avoid pecking and injury to females. The age at which beak treatment is carried out must be in line with local regulations. Too severe beak trimming can negatively impact fertility as the male might have difficulty maintaining position during mating. Body Weight Monitoring It is important to meet body weight standards during this period to support appropriate growth. Routine weighing helps monitor development and consistency with established standards. Separate Rearing In certain situations, such as on sites with a history of low early body weight, males from young breeder flocks, or non-dubbed males, it may be necessary to house males separately during the first 4 weeks. When reintroducing the males, gradual integration and observation for any negative behaviours are recommended. GROWTH PHASE Feeding Maintaining low density, high fibre content, and an emphasis on NDF, together with appropriate feed management practices, supports the development of intake levels. Body Weight Male body weight is typically about 30% higher than females during this stage, supporting sexual maturity and mating readiness while maintaining agility and libido. Uniformity Strive to maintain high uniformity (above 85%) to promote even growth and synchronised sexual maturity within the flock. Achieving this standard facilitates effective flock management and supports optimal reproductive performance. STAGE 1: 0–10 WEEKS STAGE 2: 10–20 WEEKS 0 10 2 MALE MANAGEMENT DURING THE PREPARATION PERIOD Weeks of age ON Sexua Monit at the Behav Manag ing th 18
HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT 41 41 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE ONSET OF LAY Mating Ratio Maintain an appropriate male-to-female ratio to ensure successful mating and fertility. The recommended ratio varies depending on the housing and management system but generally ranges from 8–10% on transfer, reducing to 6-7% during production. Some modern cage free facilities use a new strategy of gradual implementation of males from a separate housing pen within the house. Starting with fewer males initially (4–5%) and gradually increasing (6–7%) as the flock ages. This improves mating behavior, feather cover, and overall fertility. Physical Condition Select males with good muscle tone, body condition, and physical characteristics. Active and reproductive males should have large, wet, and red cloacas and vents. PRODUCTION PERIOD Regular Monitoring Continuously monitor the physical condition, body weight, uniformity, and behaviour of males. The body weight of males during production should not exceed 40% relative to that of females. Remove non-productive or unhealthy males to maintain optimal fertility and flock health. Behavioural Observations Observe the flock’s behaviour to ensure males are evenly distributed and actively mating. Address any issues with aggression or over-mating promptly. STAGE 3: 20–30 WEEKS STAGE 4: > 30 WEEKS 20 30 NSET DEVELOPMENT al Maturity tor the development of the reproductive organs and ensure males reach sexual maturity e same time as females. This synchronization is crucial for successful mating and fertility. viour Management ge aggressive behaviour by separating overly aggressive males and gradually reintroduchem to the flock. This helps prevent stress and injury to females.
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