HOUSING SYSTEMS BIOSECURITY HOUSING & BROODING EARLY MANAGEMENT LIGHTING NUTRITION HEALTH HATCHING EGG MANAGEMENT 87 87 LOHMANN › MANAGEMENT GUIDE NUTRITION & EGG SIZE AMINO ACID INTAKE LEVELS & EGG WEIGHT LEVELS OF ADDED OIL OR FAT & EGG SIZE At the nutritional level, there are two factors that directly affect egg size: the level of amino acids intake (mg / bird / day) and the level of oil / fat (%) added to the diet. As mentioned in the previous section, we must be flexible with feeding programmes during the preparation period to achieve the final goal of body weight, body composition, and uniformity. It is important to move feeding phases based on body weight and not flock age. There have been many publications and studies over the last 30 years relating egg size to amino acid intake (Bregendahl et al., 2008; Lemme, 2010; Kumar et al., 2018; Spangler et al., 2019; Scappaticcio et al., 2021). In all these studies, the objective has been to establish the levels of digestible lysine (as amino acid of reference) that maximise egg production without considering egg weight, so egg mass was left out of the equation. Regardless of the methods used, it can be practically concluded that the requirements for digestible lysine (mg / bird / day) necessary for egg production are consistently lower compared to the intake levels needed to maximise egg size. The latter is usually correlated with egg mass. Historically, several nutrients have been assumed to influence egg size, such as dietary energy, linoleic acid supplementation levels, and the level of added fat / oil. The interrelationship between them may have caused confusion when evaluating their impact on egg size. Thus, dietary energy has been correlated with improvements in production and egg size. However, the increase in energy is mostly due to the incorporation of oils or fats into the diet. In turn, the level of oil / fat is directly related to the increase in egg weight, although its effect is confounded with the increase in linoleic acid levels in the diet when the incorporated oil is soybean oil. From a practical point of view, the linoleic acid requirements of birds are no greater than 1.5– 1.8%, so the incorporation of oils / fats into diets presents itself as a factor that positively impacts egg weigh. As a rule, it is estimated that for every percentage of added fat / oil, egg size increases by 0.5–0.6 g Starter Grower LSL-Extra 360 760 LSL-Classic 340 750 LSL-Lite 330 740 LSL-Ultra 320 730 Recommended female body weight to move phase feeding Starter Grower LOHMANN Tradition 380 860 LOHMANN Brown-Extra 370 850 LOHMANN Brown-Classic 360 840 LOHMANN Brown-Lite 350 830
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