{"id":93812,"date":"2025-02-28T10:50:41","date_gmt":"2025-02-28T09:50:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/digestive-system-of-laying-hens\/"},"modified":"2025-08-12T11:54:34","modified_gmt":"2025-08-12T09:54:34","slug":"digestive-system-of-laying-hens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/es\/digestive-system-of-laying-hens\/","title":{"rendered":"DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF LAYING HENS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"row mb5\">\r\n<div class=\"padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col\">\r\n\r\nIn the poultry business, one of the main and most important aspects is undoubtedly nutrition and feeding. Understanding how birds digest feed is crucial for creating suitable diets that meet their nutritional and functional needs, including feed texture and fibre requirements.\r\n<blockquote><strong>Digestion involves a combination of mechanical, chemical, and microbiological processes.<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nLet\u2019s have a closer look at each part of the digestive system and its main functions:\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Beak<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe beak is essential for food intake. Birds prefer larger particles Gizzard over fine foods, as these are easier to grasp (<strong><span style=\"color: #f99300;\">Figure 1<\/span><\/strong>).\r\n<blockquote><strong>The beak also has mechanoreceptors that help birds select the most appealing particles, reflecting their grain-eating nature.<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nAt the tongue\u2019s base, there\u2019s a significant secretion of saliva, mainly composed of mucoproteins and mucopolysaccharides, which moistens the feed.\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\">\r\n<div class=\"mychart\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n<div class=\"piefigura\" style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 1. <i style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Variation of feed intake between fine particles and coarse particles during one week (Mtei et al, 2019)<\/i><\/div>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2025\/02\/figure1-en.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"60%\">\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Oesophagus and Crop<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFeed then travels down the oesophagus, aided by moisture and peristaltic movement. It passes through the crop, a pouch-like structure that stores feed before it enters the proventriculus.\r\n\r\n<strong>The crop\u2019s size varies greatly depending on the bird\u2019s feeding habits.<\/strong> Interestingly, some carbohydrate breakdown occurs here, likely due to gizzard reflux.\r\n<blockquote><strong>The lower oesophagus, where it meets the proventriculus, is rich in lymphoid tissue, highlighting the immune system\u2019s importance throughout the digestive tract.<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Proventriculus<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe proventriculus, known as the glandular stomach, contains mucus-secreting papillae and multi-lobular glands that produce hydrochloric acid and proteolytic enzymes like pepsin.\r\n<blockquote>The acidic environment created by hydrochloric acid enhances the effectiveness of proventriculus proteinases.\r\n\r\n<strong>While hydrochloric acid can lower the pH to 1.5, the buffering effect of calcium carbonate in food typically results in a pH between 3 and 5.<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2025\/02\/image1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"60%\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Gizzard<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>The gizzard is the digestive system\u2019s powerhouse.<\/strong> This muscular stomach has an inner layer of hard membrane called koilin, produced by glands that secrete carbohydrates and proteins forming a keratinoid matrix.\r\n<blockquote>The gizzard\u2019s muscles, comprising two pairs, adapt to feed conditions in both volume and hardness.\r\n\r\nIts main functions are to grind feed particles to 0.1 mm or smaller and mix hydrochloric acid and pepsins from the proventriculus with bile and pancreatic enzymes from the duodenum through gastro-duodenal reflux. <strong>Optimising this process improves nutrient digestibility.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nMoreover, a well-functioning gizzard, achieved with large particles and insoluble fibres, promotes feed retention. This triggers the release of hormones which signal satiety and well-being to the bird.<\/blockquote>\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-align: left;\"> Thus, the gizzard regulates the digestive system by controlling intake and flow. Extended food retention in the gizzard also lowers pH, aiding digestion and serving as an immunological barrier (<strong><span style=\"color: #f99300;\">Figure 2<\/span><\/strong>).<\/strong>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\">\r\n<div class=\"mychart\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n<div class=\"piefigura\" style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 2. <i style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gizzard adaptation to increasing levels of NDF<\/i><\/div>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2025\/02\/figure2-en.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"60%\">\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Small intestine<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAs food moves into the small intestine, it first enters the duodenum, where it encounters pancreatic enzymes such as lipases, carbohydrases, and trypsins. Bile acid also joins at this point, helping to emulsify fats.\r\n<blockquote><strong>The pH in this section rises to about 6-6.8 and remains stable throughout the lower part.<\/strong> Nutrientabsorption occurs in the small intestine, and it\u2019s soefficient that by the time food reaches the midpointof the small intestine, almost all nutrients have been absorbed.<\/blockquote>\r\nIt\u2019s worth noting that digestion and absorption in birds\r\nalso consume energy, leading to a temperature increase. <strong>Energy losses from digestion are estimated at about 30% for protein, 15% for carbohydrates, and 10% for fat, with an additional 10% lost as heat.<\/strong>\r\n<blockquote><strong>In hot climates, this should be considered when choosing energy sources to avoid worsening heat stress.<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Rectum and Caecum<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe rectum and caecum, the final parts of the digestive system, have limited absorption surfaces. While they can absorb water and electrolytes, they lack transport mechanisms for organic nutrients like proteins.\r\n<blockquote>However, these areas, especially the caecum, host fermentation processes for fibres and other undigested components. This can benefit the bird, producing short-chain acids like butyric acid.<\/blockquote>\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-align: left;\"> Conversely, large amounts of undigested proteins can lead to dysbiosis, making the bird vulnerable to unwanted bacteria or parasites such as coccidia and salmonellae.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Conclusions<\/strong>\r\n\r\nUnderstanding the digestive system of laying hens is crucial for optimising their nutrition and feeding practices.\r\n<blockquote>Each part of the digestive system, from the beak to the caecum, <strong>plays a\r\nvital role in ensuring efficient digestion and nutrient absorption.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBy providing suitable diets that meet the birds\u2019 nutritional and functional\r\nneeds, <strong>we can enhance their overall health and productivity.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAdditionally, considering the energy consumption involved in digestion\r\nand the adaptation of the gizzard to different feed conditions <strong>can further improve the well-being of the birds.<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2025\/02\/digestive-system.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"60%\">\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<!--\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"autogrid\">\r\n<div class=\"col\">\r\n\r\nAssuming that target body weights are the same for both systems we have to consider the <strong>additional requirements in relation to activity within the cage free system will naturally increase the nutrient needs of the hen.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAn adequate combination of a higher nutrient density, with a preponderant role of amino-acid profile,<strong> a higher feed intake and an adequate feeding pattern will have a large influence on flock performance.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\" padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col-2-3\">\r\n<blockquote><strong>From a nutritional perspective we can simplify the rearing phase in cage free systems into two main target areas.<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\" padded\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The body weight development profile &amp; Imprinting of foraging behaviour. (Allowing the replication of natural behaviour in relation to food search\/directional foraging and comfort behaviour within the litter area).<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2021\/04\/foto1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80%\">\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col-1-4\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nAs a starting point from a management perspective, it\u2019s important to provide early access to a good quality litter substrate. This not only redirects natural foraging behaviour to a safe area but also allows the pullets to express comfort behaviour of food search and dust bathing.\r\n\r\n<strong>It can also help reduce misdirected feather pecking behaviour later in production <em>(Blokhuis and Van de Haar,1989).<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-align: left;\">90% of birds showing pecking behaviour in rearing show same behaviour in lay.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf litter access is restricted through non provision or poor quality (i.e. through caking), pecking behaviour can be rediverted into negative flock behaviour.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\">\r\n<blockquote><strong>To help reduce this risk, close attention To help reduce this risk, close attention should be made to the feed profile, so any negative or misdirected foraging behaviour is redirected to the feeding system.<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-align: left; text-decoration: underline;\">Feed characteristics during rearing<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIt is clear that within cage free systems the importance of:\r\n<ul class=\"milista mt5\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n \t<li>Feed nutrient composition<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Feed format and presentation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nutritional profiles<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Feed management<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>has a larger influence than in cage systems.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\">\r\n<div class=\"mychart\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n<div class=\"piefigura\">Pictures 1 and 2\r\nFeed format, presentation and delivery are important since increased movement within these systems can allow the hens more chances to selectively feed (as is their natural behaviour) compared with cage systems.\r\nTherefore, homogeneous particle distribution is a priority (Pictures 1 and 2).<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"piefigura\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\r\n\r\nPicture 1.<i style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Feed distribution particle. Rearing. Crumbs.<\/i>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2021\/04\/Foto2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"60%\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"piefigura\">\r\n\r\nPicture 2. <i style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed distribution particle. Lay. Mash.<\/i>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2021\/04\/foto3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"60%\">\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nSometimes, when it\u2019s not possible to provide mash with adequate particle distribution,<strong> using crumbs during first 5 weeks of age is advisable but only if the content of the fines (particles below 1mm of diameter) is below 15% (<strong><span style=\"color: #f99300;\">Graph 1<\/span><\/strong>). <\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThis can help improve the average body weight gain, feed intake and has also been suggested that it can influence uniformity. Salda\u00f1a y col., 2015.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\">\r\n<div class=\"mychart\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n<div class=\"piefigura\" style=\"text-align: center;\">Graph 1. <i style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salda\u00f1a et al., 2015. Average daily weight gain<\/i><\/div>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2021\/04\/foto4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"40%\">\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong>Feed intake plays a major role in cage free systems<\/strong>, from positively influencing the development of the digestive tract during rearing in relation to volume and digestive capacity and its influence on the start of production.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTo the connection with the imprinting process and feeding behaviour and in particular <strong>during the first 4 weeks of age<\/strong> where we are training and directing feed pecking behaviour.\r\n<blockquote><strong>Using mash feed at day old with an adequate feed particle size and moderate energy levels<\/strong> can help keep the interest in the feeding area as hens will spend more time pecking in the trough in comparison to the provision of pellet or crumb feed. (<strong><span style=\"color: #f99300;\">Graph 2<\/span><\/strong>).<\/blockquote>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"piefigura\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\r\n\r\nGraph 2. <i style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Time spending eating and volume of each peck with different feed formats.<\/i>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2021\/04\/foto5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"50%\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<blockquote>In conjunction with mash feed, <strong>using a relatively low energy level from week 10 until start of lay (2700kcal\/kg\/11.3Kj\/kg)<\/strong> and moderate levels in production (2650-2750kcal\/kg\/ 11.1-11.5Kj\/kg) can help increase the time spent feeding which will, in turn enhance feed intake capacity.<\/blockquote>\r\n<strong> Reducing the energy level of the feed (within reason), will encourage the hens to eat more to compensate their requirements for maintenance and movement.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-align: left;\"> It\u2019s important to have in mind that from week 9-10, hens can regulate their intake depending on the energy level of the diet. <\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<blockquote>Working with a moderate energy level from this point will also encourage the birds to spend more time eating (less g of feed\/minute) ultimately fulfilling, at least partially, their foraging needs (<strong><span style=\"color: #f99300;\">Graph 3<\/span><\/strong>).<\/blockquote>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"piefigura\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\r\n\r\nGraph 3. <i style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feed intake evolution with energy dilution in rearing.<\/i>\r\n\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2021\/04\/foto7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"40%\">\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-align: left; text-decoration: underline;\">Start of production<\/strong><strong>It is important to understand that the rearing period actually ends when the average bodyweight gain achieves a plateau around week 30. (less than 3g per week).<\/strong>\r\n<blockquote>This period also combines with the onset of lay, so it\u2019s important to continue to focus our attention on feed intakes during this period, to help support the start of production while allowing the hen to maintain its body weight growth.<\/blockquote>\r\n<div class=\"row d-flex align-items-center\">\r\n\r\n<i class=\"flaticon-alerta iconos1\"><\/i><strong>Monitoring body weight during this period will be critical.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nUnfortunately, there are some flocks that, even though they achieve target body weight at transfer, they don\u2019t have enough feed intake capacity to support the continued growth and the onset of lay. <strong>This has the potential to compromise productivity as they often lose bodyweight at the expense of production. <\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<blockquote>Let\u2019s analyse, from a practical point of view, what\u2019s happening with energy needs during this period (<strong><span style=\"color: #f99300;\">Graph 4<\/span><\/strong>).\r\n\r\nIn the picture above, we can observe how a bird with <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>adequate feed intake capacity (blue bar)<\/strong><\/span> is able to relatively maintain its <strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"> energy intake (kcal\/hen) <\/span><\/strong> according to its needs <strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">(orange bar)<\/span><\/strong>.\r\n\r\nOn the contrary, those hens with <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>low feed intake capacity (red bar)<\/strong> <\/span>will not be able to intake enough feed to satisfy its energy needs and,<strong> despite the fact production will start as expected it will often be at the expense of the body reserves which could seriously compromise future flock performance.<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"piefigura\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\r\n\r\nGraph 4. <i style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Practical case: daily metabolizable intake evolution kcal\/hen\/day<\/i>\r\n\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/lohmannbreeders\/img\/graph-4.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"40%\">\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAdditionally, if we are also providing feed with a higher energy level compared with the rearing phase, feed intake can also decrease, thus worsening the situation.\r\n\r\n<strong>It is always important to know the energy level of a reared flock (developer diet) to allow you to adapt the feed specifications at the beginning of production, accordingly, avoiding sudden changes that could compromise the onset of lay. <\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<strong class=\"subtitle\" style=\"text-align: left; text-decoration: underline;\">Summary<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Feed foraging behaviour begins from day one,<\/strong> so what we allow here can have positive effects from the perspective of feed intake &amp; foraging behaviour, but also the possibility of negative influences throughout the flock if we don\u2019t match these.\r\n\r\n<strong>We\u2019ll get it avoiding diets with an excessive level of energy and increasingly level<\/strong> of insoluble crude fibre while maintaining a minimum of 4.5% of crude fibre content during lay (12% NDF).\r\n\r\n<strong>Feed presentation<\/strong> (see feed presentation article at TOOLBOX) plays a critical role in cage free systems to help avoid particle selection alongside malleable feed management.\r\n\r\n<strong>It\u2019ll be important to monitor during the rearing period parameters as body weight,<\/strong>(average body weight gain), daily feed intake and cumulated feed intake.\r\n\r\n<strong>It\u2019s advisable an average feed intake between 4-5% more<\/strong> compared with cage systems at 17 weeks with an average feed intake of 80g by bird for LOHMANN BROWN-CLASSIC and 75g\/b\/day for LOHMANN LSL-CLASSIC.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n-->\r\n&nbsp;","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"In the poultry business, one of the main and most important aspects is undoubtedly nutrition and feeding. Understanding how birds digest feed is crucial for creating suitable diets that meet their nutritional and functional needs, including feed texture and fibre requirements. Digestion involves a combination of mechanical, chemical, and microbiological processes. Let\u2019s have a closer [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":89349,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[532],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-93812","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nutricion","authors-lohmann-breeders-es","toolbox-nutricion"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF LAYING HENS - Lohmann Breeders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/es\/digestive-system-of-laying-hens\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF LAYING HENS - Lohmann Breeders\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In the poultry business, one of the main and most important aspects is undoubtedly nutrition and feeding. Understanding how birds digest feed is crucial for creating suitable diets that meet their nutritional and functional needs, including feed texture and fibre requirements. Digestion involves a combination of mechanical, chemical, and microbiological processes. 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