{"id":32028,"date":"2021-02-16T09:53:50","date_gmt":"2021-02-16T08:53:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/salmonella-a-widespread-problem-in-poultry-farming-worldwide\/"},"modified":"2025-02-06T15:21:56","modified_gmt":"2025-02-06T14:21:56","slug":"salmonella-un-probleme-tres-repandu-en-aviculture-dans-le-monde-entier","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/fr\/salmonella-un-probleme-tres-repandu-en-aviculture-dans-le-monde-entier\/","title":{"rendered":"Salmonella, un probl\u00e8me tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandu"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"padded\">\r\n<!--<div class=\"col-1-3 mob-1-4\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/influenza\/fra\/veterinary-fra.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"40%\" \/><\/div>-->\r\n<div class=\"col-2-3\">La salmonelle est un probl\u00e8me tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandu en aviculture dans le monde entier. En plus des salmonelles pathog\u00e8nes primaires, qui peuvent causer des pertes importantes chez diverses esp\u00e8ces de volaille, les salmonelles jouent un r\u00f4le particuli\u00e8rement important en tant qu\u2019agent zoonotique, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire une maladie qui peut \u00eatre transmise des animaux aux humains.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p><strong>Selon le dernier rapport de l\u2019EFSA, la salmonellose est la deuxi\u00e8me zoonose bact\u00e9rienne en Europe (Rapport sur les zoonoses 2018) <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/efsajournal\/pub\/5926\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lire en ligne.<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p><strong>L\u2019industrie avicole a donc une responsabilit\u00e9 particuli\u00e8re pour pr\u00e9venir l\u2019introduction de salmonelles dans les troupeaux et minimiser ainsi le risque de transmission \u00e0 l\u2019homme.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/transmission-humans.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"70%\" align=\"right\" \/><\/div>\r\n<!--<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/separation.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"16%\" \/><\/div>-->\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\">\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col\">Les salmonelles sont des bact\u00e9ries en forme de b\u00e2tonnet de la famille des Enterobacteriacea qui peuvent notamment provoquer des infections gastro-intestinales f\u00e9briles chez les humains et les animaux. <strong>Il n\u2019existe que deux esp\u00e8ces, qui se divisent en plus de 2 600 s\u00e9rovars de salmonelles.<\/strong><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col\">\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>La <em>salmonelle bongori<\/em> se trouve principalement chez <strong>les reptiles<\/strong>. Chez les animaux \u00e0 sang chaud, tels que les <strong>mammif\u00e8res et les oiseaux<\/strong>, on trouve principalement <em>Salmonella enterica<\/em>. On distingue huit sous-esp\u00e8ces, la quasi-totalit\u00e9 des infections chez les oiseaux et les mammif\u00e8res \u00e9tant caus\u00e9es par la sous-esp\u00e8ce <em>Salmonella enterica<\/em> sous-esp\u00e8ce enterica.<br \/>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/species.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100%\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\" data-aos=\"fade-down-left\">\r\n<div class=\"mychart\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col\"><strong>Au sein de cette sous-esp\u00e8ce, il existe une autre sous-division en s\u00e9rovars de salmonelles (voir <strong>Tableau 1<\/strong>). En outre, ces s\u00e9rovars peuvent \u00eatre divis\u00e9s en biovars et en phages.<\/strong><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n<div class=\"piefigura\">Tableau 1. Classification de certains s\u00e9rovars selon le sch\u00e9ma de Kaufmann-White<\/div>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/table1-b-fra.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80%\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col-3-4 mb5 mt5\"><strong>Dans le cas de la salmonellose chez la volaille, une distinction est faite entre les infections par des s\u00e9rovars de salmonelles sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4te et les s\u00e9rovars de salmonelles non sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4te.<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>Alors que les s\u00e9rovars sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4te <em>S.<\/em> Gallinarum Biovar Pullorum (maladie de Pullorum) et <em>S.<\/em> Gallinarum Biovar Gallinarum (typho\u00efde aviaire) peuvent entra\u00eener des sympt\u00f4mes cliniques graves et parfois des pertes \u00e9lev\u00e9es chez les poulets, <strong>les s\u00e9rovars de salmonelles non sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4te sont principalement d\u2019une grande importance pour l\u2019hygi\u00e8ne alimentaire et l\u2019\u00e9conomie en tant qu\u2019agents responsables de zoonoses.<\/strong><br \/>\r\nIl s\u2019agit notamment de <em>S.<\/em> Enteritidis, <em>S.<\/em> Typhimurium, <em>S.<\/em> Virchow, <em>S.<\/em> Hadar et <em>S.<\/em> Infantis. <strong>Elles ne provoquent que rarement des maladies cliniques chez les volailles mais d\u00e9clenchent la majorit\u00e9 des salmonelloses chez l\u2019homme.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\" data-aos=\"fade-down-left\">\r\n<div class=\"mychart\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col\">Les principales sources d\u2019infection sont les \u0153ufs (crus), les ovoproduits, la viande de volaille insuffisamment chauff\u00e9e, mais aussi le porc (voir <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>).<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<em>(Source: Zoonoses Report 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/efsajournal\/pub\/5926\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/efsajournal\/pub\/5926)<\/a><\/em><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n<div class=\"piefigura\">Figure 1. Origine animale des cinq principaux s\u00e9rovars de salmonelles humaines, UE, 2018<\/div>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/fig1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"70%\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col\">L\u2019expression clinique de la salmonellose chez les volailles d\u00e9pend:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\r\n\t<li><strong>Du s\u00e9rovar<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>De la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 de l\u2019h\u00f4te<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>De l\u2019\u00e2ge des oiseaux infect\u00e9s<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Les s\u00e9rovars de salmonelles non sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4te mentionn\u00e9s ci-dessus provoquent tr\u00e8s rarement des sympt\u00f4mes cliniques tels que la diarrh\u00e9e ou des performances r\u00e9duites chez les poulets adultes.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col\">\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p><strong>Cependant, chez les tr\u00e8s jeunes poussins, des pertes \u00e9lev\u00e9es et une maladie chronique avec un gonflement des articulations et des probl\u00e8mes respiratoires peuvent survenir.<\/strong> L\u2019examen pathologique peut r\u00e9v\u00e9ler des alt\u00e9rations inflammatoires du nombril, du c\u0153ur, de l\u2019appendice et du foie. <br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<strong>En outre, les animaux qui survivent \u00e0 une infection aussi pr\u00e9coce sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme des excr\u00e9teurs de salmonelles \u00e0 vie.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<!--<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/separation.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"16%\" \/><\/div>-->\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/vertical-transmission.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"70%\" \/><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col\"><strong><em>Salmonella<\/em> Pullorum peut d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00eatre transmise verticalement, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire des parents infect\u00e9s aux \u0153ufs \u00e0 couver. Il en r\u00e9sulte des pertes massives \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9closion et des poussins faibles.<\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\r\n\t<li>Apr\u00e8s une infection pr\u00e9coce, <strong>les poussins pr\u00e9sentent souvent une diarrh\u00e9e blanche crayeuse<\/strong> (\u201cdiarrh\u00e9e blanche bacillaire\u201d) et une mortalit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e de plus de 50 % (maladie du pullorum).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Les poussins survivants<\/strong> pr\u00e9sentent un retard de croissance, une boiterie due \u00e0 une inflammation des articulations et un plumage peu d\u00e9velopp\u00e9.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>L\u2019autopsie<\/strong> montre des jaunes d\u2019\u0153ufs persistants, un gonflement du foie et de la rate, une inflammation de l\u2019appendice et des nodules blanch\u00e2tres dans le c\u0153ur, le foie, le pancr\u00e9as et les poumons (\u201cnodules pullorum\u201d).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\" data-aos=\"fade-down-left\">\r\n<div class=\"mychart\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col\"><strong>Les animaux plus \u00e2g\u00e9s peuvent \u00eatre infect\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on latente par <em>S.<\/em> Pullorum et ne pr\u00e9sentent pratiquement aucun sympt\u00f4me clinique. Cependant, les performances sont alt\u00e9r\u00e9es, les follicules d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e8rent, sont de couleur gris-vert et sont p\u00e9doncul\u00e9s.<\/strong><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<!--<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/separation.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"16%\" \/><\/div>-->\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col-3-4 mb5 mt5\">La typho\u00efde aviaire se manifeste principalement chez les poulets adultes en raison de l\u2019infection par <em>S.<\/em> Gallinarum. On peut observer une chute soudaine des performances de ponte et de la consommation d\u2019aliments ainsi que des morts sans sympt\u00f4mes cliniques pr\u00e9alables.<br \/>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>Selon la gestion du troupeau, l\u2019\u00e2ge et la race, les pertes peuvent atteindre 100 % (voir <strong>Tableau 2<\/strong>). Les lign\u00e9es hybrides blanches sont moins touch\u00e9es que les lign\u00e9es brunes.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n<div class=\"piefigura\">Tableau 2. En fonction de la gestion du troupeau, de l\u2019\u00e2ge et de la race, des pertes pouvant atteindre 100% peuvent survenir<\/div>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/table2-b-fra.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80%\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col\"><strong>Des m\u00e9thodes directes et indirectes sont utilis\u00e9es pour le diagnostic des salmonelles. <\/strong> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/diagnosis.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80%\" \/><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col\">\r\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\r\n\t<li>Bact\u00e9riologie: la d\u00e9tection directe est possible par culture sur des milieux de culture appropri\u00e9s avec identification ult\u00e9rieure de l\u2019agent pathog\u00e8ne.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Biologie mol\u00e9culaire: l\u2019ADN sp\u00e9cifique des salmonelles peut \u00eatre d\u00e9tect\u00e9 par PCR.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Des PCR commerciales sp\u00e9cifiques aux s\u00e9rovars sont disponibles pour l\u2019identification des s\u00e9rovars <em>S.<\/em> Enteritidis et <em>S.<\/em> Typhimurium.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\">\r\n<div class=\"mychart\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\"><strong>\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que dans certains pays, la vaccination contre <em>S.<\/em> Enteritidis et <em>S.<\/em> Typhimurium est \u00e9galement effectu\u00e9e avec des vaccins vivants, il est important de faire la distinction entre les souches de terrain et les souches vaccinales.<\/strong><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<!--<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/separation.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"16%\" \/><\/div>-->\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col\">Des m\u00e9thodes bact\u00e9riologiques et de biologie mol\u00e9culaire sont \u00e0 nouveau disponibles \u00e0 cette fin.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>Les \u00e9chantillons appropri\u00e9s pour la d\u00e9tection directe des salmonelles sont:<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\r\n\t<li><strong>Frottis<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Fientes<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Poussi\u00e8re<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements d\u2019organes<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/suitable-samples.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"70%\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<!--<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/separation.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"16%\" \/><\/div>-->\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\">\r\n<div class=\"mychart\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\"><strong>La d\u00e9tection indirecte des salmonelles se fait par des tests s\u00e9rologiques sur des \u00e9chantillons de sang. Ces tests sont particuli\u00e8rement adapt\u00e9s au d\u00e9pistage des troupeaux d\u2019animaux infect\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on latente qui ne pr\u00e9sentent aucun sympt\u00f4me mais qui peuvent excr\u00e9ter et transmettre des salmonelles.<\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\r\n\t<li>Comme la d\u00e9tection d\u2019anticorps peut parfois entra\u00eener des r\u00e9actions crois\u00e9es entre les s\u00e9rovars, un r\u00e9sultat positif ne doit \u00eatre interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 qu\u2019en combinaison avec une d\u00e9tection directe si possible.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Les troupeaux vaccin\u00e9s contre les salmonelles peuvent donner des r\u00e9sultats positifs lors d\u2019un d\u00e9pistage s\u00e9rologique.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Par cons\u00e9quent, la d\u00e9tection indirecte par les anticorps n\u2019est utile que si le troupeau test\u00e9 n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaccin\u00e9 contre le s\u00e9rovar \u00e0 tester.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nCes d\u00e9pistages sont donc principalement effectu\u00e9s pour <em>S.<\/em> Pullorum et <em>S.<\/em> Gallinarum. Toutefois, les r\u00e9sultats peuvent \u00eatre influenc\u00e9s notamment par l\u2019utilisation de vaccins inactiv\u00e9s contre <em>S.<\/em> Enteritidis.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/economy-salmonella.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80%\" \/><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col-3-4 mb5 mt5\">Si la salmonelle est d\u00e9tect\u00e9e dans un troupeau, cela a g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de graves cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques.<br \/>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p><strong>Les parentaux ne peuvent plus \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s pour la production de poussins, les \u0153ufs de poules pondeuses ne peuvent plus \u00eatre vendus en tant que cat\u00e9gorie A et la viande des animaux \u00e0 salmonelles positives doit \u00eatre trait\u00e9e thermiquement apr\u00e8s l\u2019abattage (il faut tenir compte de la l\u00e9gislation nationale!).<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col\"><strong>M\u00eame l\u2019utilisation d\u2019antibiotiques appropri\u00e9s ne peut garantir que les animaux trait\u00e9s sont exempts de l\u2019agent pathog\u00e8ne. <\/strong><br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nLes troupeaux infect\u00e9s par la salmonelle continuent donc \u00e0 pr\u00e9senter un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u2019infection pour l\u2019homme, ce qui signifie que ces troupeaux doivent souvent \u00eatre abattus pr\u00e9matur\u00e9ment.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/legislation-salmonella.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"70%\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<!--<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/separation.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"16%\" \/><\/div>-->\r\n<div class=\"col-3-4 mb5 mt5\">Par cons\u00e9quent, le contr\u00f4le de la salmonelle est ax\u00e9 sur la prophylaxie. <strong>L\u2019introduction de salmonelles dans les troupeaux de volailles doit \u00eatre \u00e9vit\u00e9e.<\/strong> Les porteurs possibles sont des vecteurs vivants tels que les rongeurs, les insectes, les oiseaux sauvages, les autres animaux domestiques et d\u2019\u00e9levage et les humains.<br \/>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p><strong>Non-Les vecteurs non vivants tels que l\u2019\u00e9quipement, les v\u00eatements, les caisses d\u2019\u0153ufs et la literie doivent \u00e9galement \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re critique.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\" data-aos=\"fade-down-left\">\r\n<div class=\"mychart\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col\"><strong>En raison du grand nombre de sources d\u2019entr\u00e9e possibles, une gestion globale de l\u2019hygi\u00e8ne et un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 de bios\u00e9curit\u00e9 sont essentiels (voir Figure 2).<\/strong><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n<div class=\"piefigura\">Figure 2. Sources possibles d\u2019entr\u00e9e des salmonelles dans l\u2019\u00e9levage de la volaille<\/div>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/sources-entry-salmonella-2-fra.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80%\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col-3-4 mb5 mt5\"><strong>Une attention particuli\u00e8re doit \u00e9galement \u00eatre accord\u00e9e aux aliments, par lesquels la salmonelle peut facilement \u00eatre introduite dans l\u2019exploitation.<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>Le processus de production doit garantir l\u2019absence de salmonelles et il faut veiller, pendant le stockage, \u00e0 ce que les rongeurs et les insectes ne contribuent pas \u00e0 la contamination.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<strong>Une lutte professionnelle contre les rongeurs et les parasites peut contribuer \u00e0 minimiser le risque.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<!--<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/separation.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"16%\" \/><\/div>-->\r\n<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/worldwide.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80%\" \/><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col-3-4 mb5 mt5\"><strong>Un autre \u00e9l\u00e9ment de la pr\u00e9vention de l\u2019introduction de la salmonelle est la vaccination. Dans de nombreux pays, la vaccination des poulettes contre <em>S.<\/em> Enteritidis et <em>S.<\/em> Typhimurium exig\u00e9e par la loi.<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nDes vaccins vivants et inactiv\u00e9s commerciaux sont disponibles. <strong>La vaccination de base des poulettes est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement effectu\u00e9e par l\u2019administration de vaccins vivants att\u00e9nu\u00e9s \u00e0 deux ou de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 trois reprises via l\u2019eau de boisson.<\/strong> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/water-drop.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"20%\" \/><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\" data-aos=\"fade-down-left\">\r\n<div class=\"mychart\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\">\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col\"><strong>Il est important de veiller \u00e0 ce que la premi\u00e8re vaccination soit effectu\u00e9e le plus t\u00f4t possible. La premi\u00e8re vaccination doit \u00eatre effectu\u00e9e avant le premier contact avec une salmonelle de champ, afin que le vaccin puisse produire son plein effet.<\/strong><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<!--<div class=\"row mt5 mb5\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/separation.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"16%\" \/><\/div>-->\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"col\">\r\n<p>De plus, il est possible de renforcer l\u2019immunit\u00e9 avec des vaccins inactiv\u00e9s.<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"milista1\">\r\n\t<li><strong>Dans certains pays, tels que la France, le Danemark, la Su\u00e8de ou la Norv\u00e8ge, les vaccins vivants contre les salmonelles ne sont pas autoris\u00e9s.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>En Allemagne et dans certains autres pays, la vaccination contre <em>S.<\/em> Gallinarum est interdite.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/prohibited.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"30%\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col\">En raison de la large diffusion des salmonelles dans l\u2019environnement et du grand nombre de sources possibles d\u2019entr\u00e9e dans l\u2019\u00e9levage de la volaille, les salmonelles continueront \u00e0 \u00eatre un probl\u00e8me consid\u00e9rable dans la production de volaille \u00e0 l\u2019avenir.<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row mt5\">\r\n<div class=\"autogrid padded\">\r\n<div class=\"mychart\" data-aos=\"fade-down-right\"><strong>Une bonne gestion de l\u2019hygi\u00e8ne, un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 de bios\u00e9curit\u00e9 et une prophylaxie vaccinale compl\u00e8te peuvent emp\u00eacher l\u2019introduction de salmonelles et donc minimiser le risque d\u2019infection humaine.<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<strong>Il est recommand\u00e9 de v\u00e9rifier r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement les points faibles de sa propre exploitation et, si n\u00e9cessaire, de faire appel \u00e0 des conseils ext\u00e9rieurs afin d\u2019\u00e9viter une \u00e9ventuelle c\u00e9cit\u00e9 de routine.<\/strong> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"imgcenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/tb\/salmonella\/biohazard-check.svg\" alt=\"\" width=\"50%\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"L\u2019industrie avicole doit pr\u00e9venir l\u2019introduction de salmonelles dans les troupeaux et minimiser ainsi le risque de transmission \u00e0 l\u2019homme.","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":29544,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1474],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32028","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-toolbox-fr","yeararchive-2021-4","toolbox-veterinary-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>Salmonella, un probl\u00e8me tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandu - 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