{"id":52116,"date":"2020-09-01T19:44:52","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T17:44:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/attractive-eggshell-colour-as-a-breeding-goal\/"},"modified":"2020-09-01T19:44:52","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T17:44:52","slug":"attractive-eggshell-colour-as-a-breeding-goal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/attractive-eggshell-colour-as-a-breeding-goal\/","title":{"rendered":"Attractive eggshell colour as a breeding goal"},"content":{"rendered":"First quality eggs must have first quality shells, i.e. they must be clean and have\r\nstrong shells to withstand handling and transportation. In addition to these primary shell quality criteria and adequate egg weight, a uniform and attractive\r\nwhite or brown shell colour is very important to the consumer.<\/strong><\/em>

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe consumer assesses the quality of an\r\negg according to his specific subjective demands, and one of these demands is clearly\r\neggshell colour. The proportion of white\r\nand brown eggs consumed in the world is\r\nroughly 50:50 with significant differences\r\nbetween continents in preferred shell colour\r\n(Figure 1).\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\n\r\nFigure 1: Estimated percentage of brown and white eggs worldwide.<\/strong><\/em>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\nShell colour is not an indication of internal\r\negg quality and says nothing about the\r\nnutritive value or the quality of the egg. However, many consumers who prefer brown\r\neggs, also pay attention to the intensity and\r\nuniformity of colour. Pale or unevenly coloured eggs may be rejected. Clearly, reduced\r\nvariability of eggshell colour improves the\r\npresentation of eggs at the point of sale.

\r\n\r\nColour determination with\r\nthe L*a*b* colour system<\/strong>

\r\nThe colour of an object is determined by\r\npigments. These are chemicals which create a given colour by subtracting parts of\r\nthe spectrum of the incident light. The remaining light is reflected and this gives the \r\nobject its colour. Colour is a matter of perception and subjective interpretation of the\r\nperson looking at the object. When colours are\r\nclassified, they can be expressed in terms of\r\ntheir lightness (brightness), hue (colour) and\r\nsaturation (vividness). Using the Minolta device\r\n(Reflectometer CR 300, figure 2), the colour of\r\neach individual egg can be objectively determined by the following three parameters:\r\n

\r\n\r\n\u2022\t L*: lightness\r\n(value between 0 = black and 100 = white)\r\n\u2022\t a*: hue as a function of the red-green\r\nscale (<0 = green, >0 = red)\r\n\u2022\t b*: hue as a function of the\r\nblue-yellow scale (<0 = blue, >0 = yellow\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\nFigure 2: Reflectometer used to measure\r\neggshell colour<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\nTo speed up selection for dark shell colour,\r\nLOHMANN TIERZUCHT<\/strong> started measuring\r\neggshell colour in large numbers of pedigreed brown-egg layers with the Minolta\r\nreflectometer in the early 1990s. While\r\nsubjective scores depend on light sources\r\nin the observation room and preferences\r\nof individual graders, the objective parameters are measured on a continuous scale\r\nand can be compared across locations\r\nand years and between different ages of\r\nthe same flock. More important from a\r\nbreeder\u2019s point of view is that the variation\r\nwithin a pedigreed flock can be analysed\r\nas a normally distributed quantitative trait\r\nand used for systematic selection in the direction of consumer preferences. \r\n\r\n

\r\nEggshell colour as a\r\nbreeding goal<\/strong>

\r\nCommercial brown-egg lines have been\r\nselected for attractive dark brown shells\r\nfor many years, based on subjective evaluation and quantitative measurement of\r\nshell colour. Moderate values of heritability\r\nfor eggshell colour indicate considerable variation in shell colour among families\r\nand individual hens within a line. Since the\r\nbreeding goal is to select for dark brown\r\neggshells. Individuals with a breeding value\r\nfor sub-standard shell colour are unlikely\r\nto be selected \u2013 unless they are outstanding in most of the other traits. The overall\r\nbreeding goal is focused on a high number\r\nof \u201csaleable\u201d eggs, i.e. to be selected, a candidate must have positive breeding values\r\nfor both egg number and egg quality, while\r\nmore eggs with undesirable shell quality\r\nare least desired.

\r\n\r\n\r\nE\u001fects of hen age on the\r\neggshell colour<\/strong>

\r\n\r\nIt has been reported that older hens tend\r\nto lay larger eggs with lighter shell colour.\r\nThis is because the quantity of pigments\r\ndeposited on the shell surface does not increase in relation to the egg size. Hence, the\r\npigments of brown eggshells are deposited\r\nover a larger surface area as the hen ages\r\nand lays larger eggs. Results of LOHMANN\r\nTIERZUCHT pure line layers showed for a\r\nRhode Island Red line that the eggshells\r\nbecame significantly lighter with increasing\r\nage, whereas a tested White Rock line still\r\nhad an excellent shell colour at 60 weeks of\r\nage. The heritability estimates of all colour\r\nparameters were similar at different ages.\r\nClose genetic correlations between measurements at the different ages suggest that\r\nhens which lay eggs with a dark shell colour at peak production, will also tend to lay\r\ndark coloured eggs at the end of the cycle,\r\nindicating the strong genetic component\r\nfor general shell pigmentation. If additional\r\nmeasurements at the end of the laying\r\nperiod add little to the accuracy of breed\r\ning value estimation, measuring eggshell\r\ncolour at an intermediate age should be\r\nsufficient to monitor and further improve\r\nlifetime eggshell colour.\r\n\r\n

\r\nNew ideas to describe and\r\nimprove \u201cattractiveness\u201d of\r\neggshell colour<\/strong>

\r\nSome eggs look more attractive than\r\nothers because they have a natural \u201cshine\u201d\r\nas if they were washed and oiled. This phenomenon can be observed in both white\r\nand brown eggs with different frequency.\r\nIn Europe and other countries where washing and oiling of eggs is not permitted, it\r\nwould be interesting to know whether the\r\nshine of the eggs is a heritable trait which\r\ncould be used to improve the attractiveness of shell eggs at the time of purchase.

\r\nWe have tested a new device (Spectrophotometer Minolta CM 600d) along with\r\nroutine measurements of eggshell colour\r\nparameters (L*a*b*). Data for the shininess\r\nof eggshells were collected for two brownegg pure lines to estimate genetic parameters for this new characteristic. Shininess\r\nis measured by comparing the reflection\r\nfrom different angles. An eggshell with a\r\nvalue of 0 has no shine and is completely\r\nmatt, and the higher the measured value,\r\nthe shinier is the eggshell. In this study, the\r\nshininess of the eggs varied between 0 and\r\n14, with an average of 2.6. The shininess was\r\nlower in the Rhode Island Red line as compared to the White Rock line. This trait had a\r\nmoderate heritability and desirable genetic\r\ncorrelations with all three colour parameters which therefore determines shininess\r\nas a useful selection tool.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPerhaps even more interesting than\r\naesthetic considerations would be to find\r\na positive relation between the shininess\r\nof the eggshell and increased protection\r\nagainst pathogen penetration. It seems\r\nreasonable to expect that eggs exhibiting\r\na brilliant shine are more likely to have an\r\nintact cuticle than eggs with a matt appearance. However, preliminary studies with\r\nspecial equipment have not confirmed the\r\nassumption that the shine on eggs also\r\nreflects an intact cuticula, which would\r\nbe highly desirable in the context of food\r\nsafety.\r\n

\r\n\r\nConclusion<\/strong>

\r\nImproving eggshell quality is a significant\r\nobjective for breeders to satisfy consumer\r\npreferences. The heritability of shell colour\r\nis moderately high which allows the breeding companies to achieve further genetic\r\nimprovement in commercial layers. Shell\r\ncolour in brown eggs tends to deteriorate\r\ntoward the end of the laying cycle, but a\r\nclose genetic correlation at different ages\r\nassures that early measurements will also\r\nimprove life time shell colour. While eggshell\r\nquality is receiving a lot of attention in genetic selection programmes, egg producers\r\nshould be aware of all non-genetic factors\r\nwhich must be controlled to satisfy high\r\ncustomer expectations in oversupplied\r\nmarkets. In addition to high quality feed\r\nand water effective control of diseases and\r\nair quality, monitoring the functioning of\r\nall equipment and special attention must\r\nbe paid to frequent egg collection and\r\negg storage under optimal conditions.\r\n

\r\nDr. David Cavero and Dr. Wiebke Icken\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"First quality eggs must have first quality shells, i.e. […]","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":51993,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2335],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52116","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poultry-news-zh-hans","issue-2013-1-zh-hans-2","yeararchive-2013-zh-hans"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"Attractive eggshell colour as a breeding goal - Lohmann Breeders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/attractive-eggshell-colour-as-a-breeding-goal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Attractive eggshell colour as a breeding goal - 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