{"id":52165,"date":"2020-09-01T16:41:11","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T14:41:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/poultry-red-mite-a-big-challenge-for-egg-producers\/"},"modified":"2020-09-01T16:41:11","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T14:41:11","slug":"poultry-red-mite-a-big-challenge-for-egg-producers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/poultry-red-mite-a-big-challenge-for-egg-producers\/","title":{"rendered":"Poultry Red Mite \u2013 a big challenge for egg producers"},"content":{"rendered":"Among all the poultry Ectoparasites such as fowl ticks, lice and flies, mites are considered to be the most destructive ones.\r\nParticularly the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus Gallinae, also known as the Fowl Red Mite) has been identified as the most\r\nharmful one for laying hens. <\/strong><\/em>


\r\n\r\nThe title \u201cRed\u201d has been given to this mite\r\nas it turns from grey to red or dark red after\r\nbeing engorged with blood. Red mites are\r\nnocturnal (night-active) parasites which\r\nsuck the birds\u2019 blood during periods of\r\ndarkness and hide themselves in all kinds\r\nof gaps and cracks during the daytime.

\r\n\r\nThis behaviour makes the treatment of red\r\nmites harder and more complicated than\r\nother mite species like the northern fowl\r\nmite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum). Unlike the\r\nred mite, the northern fowl mite spends\r\nits entire life attached to its host. As such,\r\ntreatment should only be applied directly\r\non the birds. On the other hand, the red\r\nmite is able to survive long periods of time\r\nin the surroundings without being on the\r\nhost bird and without even having a single meal of blood. This means that any\r\ntreatment against fowl red mite must be\r\napplied on the birds as well as within the\r\nhouse and on the equipment. This implies\r\nthat even after the removal of the birds,\r\nthe poultry house will remain infested for\r\na long time, i.e. if no appropriate treatment would be applied. Furthermore, the\r\nlong period of egg production allows for\r\nred mites to create large populations and\r\ncause heavy infestation in poultry farms.

\r\nUnder favourable conditions (i.e. within\r\nambient temperatures of between 25 \u2013 30\r\n\u02daC and a relative humidity of 60 \u2013 70 %),\r\nthe life cycle of a red mite from an egg to\r\nan adult, can be completed within 7 \u2013 14\r\ndays.

\r\nFowl red mites are spread almost worldwide.\r\nEspecially farmers in Europe, the Middle East\r\nand Asia do not only suffer from production\r\nlosses but are also confronted with health as\r\nwell as financial damages caused by the infestation of these mites. The problem of its\r\ninfestation and the consequences are often\r\nunderestimated. Losses due to red mite infestation are estimated to be between 0.50\r\nand 1\u20ac per laying hen per year in Europe\r\ndepending on housing system, infestation\r\nintensity and control methods.

\r\n\r\n\r\nTreatments against\r\npoultry red mite<\/strong>

\r\n\r\nThe methods of controlling red mite can\r\nbe divided into applications of conventional chemicals and alternative solutions. \r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\nConventional treatments:<\/strong>

\r\nSynthetic acaricides such as Organo Phosphates, Carbomates, Pyrethroids are the\r\nmost common chemicals used against\r\nmite infestations, although it must be mentioned that due to some problems, their efficiency and the success of their application\r\nare getting to be more questionable.\r\nDeveloping resistance against acaricides\r\ncaused by red mite populations has been\r\nongoing for years now which might make\r\ntreatment almost ineffective. Furthermore,\r\nwrong dosage and improper application\r\nof an acaricide can also accelerate the\r\nprocess of resistance development. Using\r\nhigher dosages of pesticide is also a risk for\r\nthe health of birds and consumers due to \r\npossible residues which might be found in\r\neggs and meat. On the other hand, constant changes in legislations in respective\r\ncountries and a very limited number of\r\npesticides licensed against red mite, make\r\nthe situation even harder for farmers to\r\ncontrol this pest. \r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n \r\n \r\n


\r\n \r\n \r\n Alternative treatments:<\/strong>

\r\n\r\nIn order to tackle the abovementioned\r\nproblems and other hindrances in the use\r\nof conventional chemicals and pesticides\r\nagainst poultry red mite, new alternative\r\nsolutions were developed in recent years.\r\nIt is well-known that \u201cEssential oils\u201d <\/strong>derived from plants such as garlic, neem tree,\r\nthyme and tea have a toxic effect against\r\nred mites. Based on this fact, various products in forms of drinking and feeding additives are available on the market. Side\r\neffects such as tainting eggs may occur\r\nwhilst using these products.\r\n\r\n


\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \u201cBiological pesticides\u201d<\/strong>\r\n \r\n such as Spinosad which has been used against mites\r\nof agricultural crops for several years now,\r\nalso have a good reputation for controlling poultry mites. Spinosad is a natural\r\nproduct based on the fermentation of the\r\nbacteria S.Spinosa. Proper application is essential for a successful treatment.\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"

\r\n\r\nUsing so-called \u201cPredator mites\u201d is\r\nanother rather new method of controlling\r\nred mites. As a natural enemy, the predator mite is able to combat and eat poultry red mites. Choosing the correct predator\r\ncandidates in addition to proper management are essential for this method of control.

\r\n\r\n\r\nBased on the fact that temperatures above\r\n45 \u00b0C are considered as lethal for poultry\r\nred mites, \u201cHeat treatments\u201d<\/strong> have been\r\npracticed lately in European countries.\r\nHeating up the poultry house to up to\r\n60 \u00b0C for about 2 hours or 45 \u00b0C for a longer time after birds are removed, are common models of this treatment. The fusibility of plastic parts of the equipment must\r\nbe considered and treatment should be\r\nperformed by experts with great caution.\r\n\u201cLow temperature treatments\u201d<\/strong> with\r\nliquid nitrogen and dry ice have also been\r\nexperimented on. These methods are too\r\nexpensive and still need to be developed\r\nfor common practice.

\r\n\r\nSpecial \u201cIntermittent lighting programs\u201d<\/strong> are also tools to control red mites\r\nand this is being practiced mainly in Middle Eastern and African countries. Negative effects on feed consumption, laying\r\nperformance and disturbance of circadian\r\nrhythm can be expected. However, the European bird welfare legislation forbids such\r\nlighting regimes.

\r\n\r\nAn example of a very common treatment against poultry red mite in Germany\r\nand the Netherlands is the use of \u201cInert\r\ndusts\u201d<\/strong>, a physical treatment based on Silicon Dioxide compounds which blocks the\r\njoints between chitin shell and causes the\r\nimmobilisation of mites. Furthermore, silicate dust enters the respiratory system of\r\nthe red mites causing suffocation. Choosing the proper product, mixture, particle\r\nsize, pressure and appropriate application\r\nare crucial for a successful treatment. On\r\nthe other hand, application of inert dusts\r\nin poultry houses causes stress and health\r\nproblems for birds and staff. The impact\r\nand side effects of this treatment should\r\nbe further investigated.\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"

\r\nApply a treatment as soon as the first mites have been detected and before the mite population increases. (A heavy infestation of fowl red\r\nmites in a poultry house, Photo: Farhad Mozafar \/ LTZ)<\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\nThe development of \u201cVaccines\u201d is also\r\nanother alternative solution in controlling\r\nthe populations of poultry mites. There\r\nare different research groups which are\r\nworking on identifications and characterisation of possible antigens against red\r\nmites. If such vaccines can be successfully developed, the first candidates for a\r\ncommercial vaccine against poultry red\r\nmites might just be available in the near\r\nfuture. \r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\nGeneral Recommendations<\/strong>

\r\nSome simple basic tools besides biosecurity measures and hygiene management\r\nissues can be very useful in controlling the\r\ninfestation of red mites. Some of these are\r\nas follows:

\r\n\u2022\t Find an effective and individual concept, e.g. the combination of different\r\ntreatments suitable for your farm and\r\nhousing system.

\r\n\u2022 Give mites little or no possibility to hide\r\nthemselves in equipment and in the\r\nbuilding of your farm.

\r\n\u2022 Use monitoring tools like mite traps to\r\nstart a treatment as soon as the first\r\nmites have been detected and before\r\nthe mite population increases.

\r\n\u2022 Apply treatment directly after the removal of the birds and before the mites\r\nget a chance to hide themselves in\r\ncracks and crevices.

\r\n\u2022 The use of an effective insecticide\r\nagainst red mite eggs is highly recommended since many treatments do not\r\nshow efficiency against mite eggs.

\r\n\u2022 Prevent the occurrence of red mite reinfestation in your farm (from rearing,\r\nconstruction of houses, transport vehicles, staff, visitors, wild birds etc.)


\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nConclusion<\/strong>

\r\n\r\nUnfortunately, the current treatment methods which are available are not effective\r\nenough to keep red mite infestation under\r\ncontrol in many poultry farms worldwide.\r\nThe ban of conventional cages in Europe\r\nand keeping more laying hens in alternative systems like free-range which is, by the\r\nway, favoured by red mites, make the situation even more difficult. These kinds of systems give mites more hiding possibilities and they can therefore escape control\r\nmethods more easily. Hence, there is still a\r\ngreat demand in developing more useful\r\neffective treatments such as vaccines to\r\nkeep red mite infestations under control.\r\nHowever, controlling red mite population\r\nstill remains a very big challenge in the\r\nkeeping of laying hens.

\r\n\r\nFarhad Mozafar
\r\nTechnical Service\r\n


\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\nChoosing the proper product, mixture, particle size, pressure and appropriate application are crucial for a successful treatment with inert\r\ndusts. The impact and side effects of this treatment on birds and humans should be further investigated. (A poultry house after Silicate\r\ndust treatment, Photo: Farhad Mozafar \/ LTZ)<\/em>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\n\r\nUse tools like adhesive mite traps or cardboards to monitor infestation intensity in your farm (different kinds of red mite monitoring tools,\r\nPhoto: Farhad Mozafar \/ LTZ)<\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Among all the poultry Ectoparasites such as fowl ticks, […]","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":52167,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2335],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52165","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poultry-news-zh-hans","issue-2-2013-zh-hans","yeararchive-2013-zh-hans"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"Poultry Red Mite \u2013 a big challenge for egg producers - Lohmann Breeders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/poultry-red-mite-a-big-challenge-for-egg-producers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Poultry Red Mite \u2013 a big challenge for egg producers - 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