{"id":52174,"date":"2020-09-01T15:09:49","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T13:09:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/in-ovo-sex-determination\/"},"modified":"2020-09-01T15:09:49","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T13:09:49","slug":"in-ovo-sex-determination","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/in-ovo-sex-determination\/","title":{"rendered":"In ovo sex determination"},"content":{"rendered":"We, who are active in the world of poultry, all know it very well, but are you sure that the consumer is also aware that his roast\r\nchicken isn\u2019t the brother of the hen laying his eggs for breakfast? <\/strong><\/em>


\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nA highly negative correlation prevents\r\nbreeding improvements in both laying\r\nperformance and growth at the same time.\r\nThis is how specialized lines came about as\r\ntime went by, either for efficient production of high quality eggs or efficient production of poultry meat. Whilst both males\r\nand females are fattened in broiler production, it is not possible for males of layers to\r\nbe reared economically. The result? Routine culling of day-old male chicks in the\r\nhatchery which is a great ethical problem\r\nand finding alternative solutions to this is a\r\nbig challenge for breeding companies, science and hatcheries.

\r\n\r\nIn this context, several projects are discussed and underway:

\r\n\r\n\r\n1.<\/strong> Spring chickens: despite their reduced\r\ngrowth performance, males of layer\r\nlines are still reared and fattened. Dependent on feeding and breed, the\r\nbirds can be slaughtered at an approximate weight of 650 g after 49 days.

\r\n\r\n\r\n2. <\/strong>Dual purpose breeds: a cross of meat\r\nand layer lines which result in a \u201ecompromise\u201c that naturally comes along\r\nwith both a lower egg production and\r\ngrowth performance and higher production costs (feed consumption).

\r\n\r\n\r\n3. <\/strong>Sex determination before eggs are incubated: with the aid of optical methods in which light is used for analysis,\r\nthe germinal disc is examined to determine the size of the chromosome\r\nwhich indicates the sex of the embryo.

\r\n\r\n\r\n4.<\/strong> Sex determination of incubated eggs:\r\nmale and female embryos can be detected according to different hormone\r\nlevels in the allantoic fluid.



\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLOHMANN TIERZUCHT<\/strong> is involved in each\r\nand every one of these projects. In one research project, LTZ reared spring chickens\r\nand initiated marketing strategies for this\r\nniche product. The combined breeding for\r\negg production and growth performance\r\nat the same time, resulted in \u201eLOHMANN\r\nDUAL<\/strong>\u201c, a dual purpose bird that received a\r\nlot of attention at the Franchise Distributor\r\nMeeting 2012 in Berlin.

\r\n\r\n\r\nThe third and fourth topics \u2013 possibilities\r\nand applications of in ovo sex determination prior to or during incubation, are subjects of a research project supported by\r\nthe Federal Institute of Agriculture and Nutrition (BLE), where aside from LOHMANN TIERZUCHT<\/strong>\r\nscientists of the universities of\r\nLeipzig, Dresden and Jena are involved.\r\nThe endocrinological approach, i.e. in ovo\r\nsex determination by hormone levels, will\r\nbe described in this article.

\r\n\r\n\r\nFor several years now, there are techniques\r\nwhich are known to be able to determine\r\nthe hormonal status of embryos in the\r\nsecond half of the incubation period (i.e.\r\ndays 13 \u2013 17). Second phase particles such\r\nas sex determining hormones and related\r\nsubstances are accumulated in the allantois \u2013 the urinary bladder of the embryo\r\n\u2013 in different amounts, which can be used\r\nfor gender differentiation. However, analyses at this stage are relatively late and must\r\nalso be critically considered from an ethical\r\npoint of view. According to today\u2019s knowledge, the embryo\u2019s perception of pain begins on around the 10th day of incubation,\r\nso culling \/ removing eggs from the incubator at a later stage cannot be seen as an\r\nalternative to the culling of day-old chicks.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
In numerous trials with several hormones\r\nat different stages of development, the\r\nworking group of the Leipzig University led\r\nby Prof. Einspanier in the Endocrinology\r\nDepartment found out that hormones\r\nand their derivates can be detected in allantoic fluid as early as the seventh day of\r\nincubation. The amount of estrone sulfate\r\n(a form of oestrogene) has been proven to\r\nbe the best indicator for gender differentiation. Whilst there were no differences\r\non day 7, the amount of estrone sulfate\r\non day 9 was three times higher in female\r\nembryos than in males (Wei\u00dfmann et al.,\r\n2013). Hatching eggs containing male embryos could therefore be easily recognised\r\nand removed making it possible for only\r\nfemale chicks to hatch after 21 days.<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\nFigure 1: Experimental set-up in the hatchery<\/em>\r\n


\r\n\"\"
\r\nFigure 2: Withdrawal of allantoic fluid<\/em>\r\n


\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHow does this work practically?<\/strong>
\r\nEssentially:

\r\n\r\n1.<\/strong> Eggs are incubated for nine days, as\r\nusual.

\r\n2. <\/strong>Eggs are candled on day 10.

\r\n3.<\/strong> The egg shell of fertilized eggs is per\r\nforated (e.g. with a drill) close to the air\r\ncell.

\r\n4.<\/strong> A small amount of allantoic fluid is\r\nwithdrawn with a syringe.

\r\n5.<\/strong> Hormone content is measured with the\r\naid of an ELISA-test in the lab.

\r\n6.<\/strong> The amount of estrone sulfate is an indicator for the sex of the embryo.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n


\r\nWith much more eggs than in laboratory\r\ntrials, the practicability of this approach\r\nwas tested in the hatchery. In three different trials, allantoic fluid was obtained from\r\nmore than 4000 LB eggs either on day 9\r\nor 10 of incubation. Almost the same number of eggs was used for each test as control group. All the eggs were labelled and\r\nhatched separately under a cover so that\r\nthe predicted and actual gender could be\r\nassigned individually. Furthermore, chicks\r\nwere weighed individually after each \r\nhatch. In these trials, sex could be correctly\r\ndetermined in nearly 95 % of the chicks,\r\nwith only less than 3 % reduction in hatchability. Chick weight was not significantly\r\ndifferent ranging from 37.9 \u2013 38.6 g.


\r\n\r\n\r\nHave all problems been solved now?<\/strong>

\r\n\r\nFor starters: Yes, sex determination with\r\nthis technique is indeed possible with sufficient accuracy and only small losses in\r\nhatchability. But (and this is a big But!): At\r\nthe moment, one person is able to take\r\n250 samples on one day in the hatchery.\r\nAnd again one person per day is needed to\r\nanalyse these 250 samples in the lab since\r\nanalyses are not possible in the hatchery.\r\nConsidering that 45 million female chicks\r\nare hatched in Germany per year, around\r\n2.3 million eggs would have to be analysed per week!

\r\n\r\nSo although the results are promising, inovo sex determination still seems to be far\r\noff from daily business. The automation of\r\nthe technical processes, egg handling and\r\nthe implementation of short-term analytics in the hatchery are challenges we have\r\nto deal with in the near future.

\r\n\r\nDr. Anke F\u00f6rster
\r\nGenetics\r\n\r\n


\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\nFigure 3: Individual weighing of chicks<\/em>

\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\nFigure 4: Hatching eggs were sorted and set by sex according to hormonal analysis<\/em>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"We, who are active in the world of poultry, all know it […]","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":52176,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2335],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52174","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poultry-news-zh-hans","issue-2-2013-zh-hans","yeararchive-2013-zh-hans"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"In ovo sex determination - Lohmann Breeders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/in-ovo-sex-determination\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"In ovo sex determination - 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