{"id":52205,"date":"2020-09-01T10:45:13","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T08:45:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/biosecurity-in-layer-frams\/"},"modified":"2020-09-01T10:45:13","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T08:45:13","slug":"biosecurity-in-layer-frams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/biosecurity-in-layer-frams\/","title":{"rendered":"Biosecurity in Layer Frams"},"content":{"rendered":"In today\u2019s poultry operations, hygiene is an essential part\r\nof the management system. A good and reliable biosecurity\r\nand hygiene concept should be established to prevent outbreaks of diseases and to ensure good performance conditions. Only flocks which perform well can secure a reliable\r\nsource of income for poultry companies. Keeping medical\r\ntreatment to an absolute minimum should be one of the\r\nmost significant goals during production, both from an animal welfare and an economical point of view.\r\nDisasters like the outbreak of epidemics are always indicators of inadequate biosecurity. There are different measures\r\nto restrict pathogens from getting into contact with the birds\r\non the farm. The types of measures which are implemented\r\ndepend on the specific situation on each farm. Basic hygienic\r\nrules, however, like the washing of hands and changing of\r\nshoes before entering a barn, should always be performed.\r\nThey help to keep the hygienic status of a flock on a high\r\nlevel.<\/strong><\/em>


\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhat are we fighting?<\/strong>

\r\n\r\n\r\nThe biggest problem with biosecurity\r\nrules is that untrained people may think\r\nthat these were only established to make \r\ntheir daily work even harder and more uncomfortable. Therefore, to make the whole\r\nsystem successful, it is of most importance\r\nto provide training on biosecurity practice\r\nto the staff involved.

\r\n\r\nIt is crucial to explain that disease-causing\r\norganisms (whether viruses, bacteria, or\r\nparasites), are often invisible to the naked\r\neye and to make people aware of how these\r\npathogens are usually spread (see picture 1).

\r\n\r\n\r\nThe most recent ways of pathogen transmission are as follows:

\r\n\r\n\u2022\t Faecal to oral: Pathogens are excreted in the faeces and are consumed by\r\nsusceptible chickens.

\r\n\r\n\u2022\t Aerosol: Pathogens are transmitted in\r\nmicroscopic droplets of moisture\/dust\r\nand are inhaled by the hens.

\r\n\r\n\u2022\t Mechanical Vectors: Pathogens travel\r\non people, insects and can therefore be\r\nbrought into physical contact with layers.

\r\n\r\n\u2022\t Biological Vectors: Carry pathogens\r\nin their body and transmit the disease \r\neither by being consumed, by biting or\r\nby spread of infectious particles (e.g.\r\nfaeces).\r\n

\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\nPicture 1: Some ways of how pathogens can reach the layers<\/em>\r\n


\r\n\r\nGood Biosecurity Practice \u2013\r\nFarm Layout<\/strong>

\r\n\r\nIn terms of the possible methods of transmission of pathogens, one of the most\r\nimportant measures in Biosecurity is to\r\nhave as much distance to other poultry\r\noperations as possible. Therefore, build\r\nthe farm in a minimum distance of 1 km to\r\nother farms and choose an area with a low poultry density<\/strong> and if possible, no presence of wild birds or water fowls.

\r\n\r\nThe entire farm has to be fenced and information signboards should be fitted in\r\norder to make everybody aware of a critical area in which biosecurity rules have\r\nto be strictly followed. Buildings have to\r\nbe kept free of vegetation<\/strong>. Long grass,\r\ntrees and bushes will attract rodents and\r\nwild birds. A good possibility would be to\r\nbuild a 2-meter strip of a pebbled pathway\r\naround the perimeter of each house (see\r\npicture 2).

\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\nPicture 2: well-maintained surrounding of a poultry house<\/em>\r\n\r\n


\r\n\r\n\r\nGenerally, the farm should be divided into\r\nclean and dirty areas. \u201cDirty\u201d activities include the handling of manure, removal\r\nof carcasses and pests as well as contact\r\nwith rendering containers or rendering\r\ntrucks. \u201cClean\u201d activities comprise of egg,\r\nchick and feed handling, movements of birds, and numerous daily activities which\r\ninvolves direct contact with the birds. It is\r\npreferable that equipment and personnel\r\nnot<\/strong> be shared between clean and dirty\r\nactivities<\/strong>! If this is not possible, then clean\r\nactivities should first be completed before\r\ndirty activities are carried out. Upon\r\ncompletion of their tasks in these areas,\r\nthe personnel should be dismissed for the\r\nday.\r\n

\r\nCars should not have access to the premises. If the frequency of vehicles cannot\r\nbe avoided (e.g. feed delivery trucks), then\r\nthese must be cleaned and disinfected\r\nbefore allowing them to enter the farm\r\ngrounds. It should be a matter of course\r\nthat these trucks have not been to other\r\nfarms before, and if this would be otherwise, then they should always start with\r\nthe youngest to the oldest birds that are\r\npresent on the different farms. Picture 3\r\nshows how vehicles can be kept out of\r\npremises. This, however, is not always possible.

\r\n\r\nPicture 3 also shows how workers and visitors should enter the farm. Reduce vehicle\r\nand visitor movements at your respective\r\nsites. Be aware that the most common\r\nvisitors like veterinarians and consultants\r\nare the most dangerous ones because\r\nthey would have most likely been to other \r\nfarms before. Prepare a visitors logbook to\r\nhave a record of traceability in the event of\r\na disease outbreak.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\nPicture 3: Design of a farm in observance of biosecurity rules<\/em>\r\n\r\n


\r\n\r\nThe procedure for every visitor and worker\r\nwhen entering farm level is via a shower in\r\nfacility (see picture 4). The first step would\r\nbe for them to leave their own clothes, accessories and jewelry in a locker. The second\r\nstep is to take a shower and to put on clothing and shoes as provided by the farm.

\r\n\r\nBiosecurity measures should not just stop\r\nafter showering. It should also be implemented at farm level throughout the\r\nlifespan of the flocks as well as during\r\nthe cleaning and disinfection time to follow. Every poultry house should have an\r\nown hygiene station which every person\r\nhas to pass through before accessing the\r\nbirds. These hygienic stations can be kept\r\nvery simple but in any case, shoes should\r\nalways be changed, a barn-owned overall should be worn and hands should be\r\nwashed. Picture 5 displays a simple example of how an effective hygienic station\r\ncan be realized on barn level.

\r\n\r\nAlways try to work with very simple solutions which makes it easy for every person to exercise biosecurity rules in their\r\ndaily routines. This is the most effective\r\nguarantee to make the whole biosecurity\r\nprogram successful and effective on your farm. Picture 6 shows an example on how\r\neasy it can be to change shoes in the anteroom of the poultry house.

\r\n\r\n\r\nKeep in mind that the solution of the disinfection footbath has to be changed on\r\na daily basis. Otherwise, they are more\r\nharmful than helpful. A substitute of the\r\ndisinfection bath is a pad with chlorine\r\npowder that only needs to be changed every fortnight (see picture 7). This has the\r\nadvantage, i.e. that the powder is not slippery and leaves a much cleaner residue.


\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\nPicture 4: Example of a one-way shower<\/em>\r\n

\r\n\"\"
\r\nPicture 5: Plan for a simple sanitation area in a poultry facility <\/em>

\r\n\"\"
\r\nPicture 6: Simple and easy way of shoe changing and disinfection on barn level<\/em>

\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\nPicture 7: Chlorine Foot Pan Powder<\/em>\r\n


\r\n\r\nGood Biosecurity Practice –\r\nBird Management<\/strong>

\r\n\r\nTo reduce the pressure of infectious agents\r\non your farm, it is advisable to avoid multiaged farms in which diseases and vermin\r\ncan easily survive and spread to the different age groups. Therefore All-in All-out\r\nmanagement is the best principle from a\r\nbiosecurity point of view! If that is not possible, handle every age group as a separate unit. Avoid crossing equipment, feed,\r\neggs, staff, etc. Traffic should always flow\r\nfrom the youngest to the oldest and from\r\nhealthy to sick birds.

\r\n\r\nAn effective reduction of pathogens can\r\nalso only be powerful by choosing enough \r\ndowntime between flocks. The longer the\r\nservice period, the better it is for the hygienic status of the farms. As table 1 shows,\r\nsome pathogens are able to persist for a\r\nvery long time in the environment even if\r\nthe birds are not present. Therefore, choose\r\nthe turnaround period based on the latest\r\ndiseases you have had on your farm.

\r\n\r\nTable 1: Longevity of some disease-causing organisms (BELL and\r\nWEAVER; 2002)<\/em>
\r\n\"\"\r\n


\r\n\r\n\r\nCleaning and Disinfection<\/strong>

\r\n\r\nCleaning and disinfection are measures to\r\nreduce the amount of disease-causing organisms to a minimum. Therefore, they are\r\nimportant tools of a biosecurity program.

\r\nIt is impossible to achieve absolute sterility\r\non farm level but the goal should always\r\nbe to reduce the bacterial load as far as\r\npossible.

\r\nIn order to achieve the best possible cleaning result, the whole procedure has to be\r\nperformed correctly. Therefore, it is helpful to divide the cleaning and disinfection\r\nmeasures into 6 main steps, which lead \u2013 i.e.\r\nwhen strictly followed – to very good results\r\nin terms of the hygienic status of the farm\r\n(picture 8).\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\nStep 1 \u2013 Rough cleaning:<\/strong> Treat the\r\nhouse while it is still warm with insecticides\r\nto eliminate flies, beetles, etc. Remove litter\r\nand dirt. Transfer these to somewhere as\r\nfar away as possible.

\r\n\r\nStep 2 \u2013 Soaking:<\/strong> Soak the facility for\r\nseveral hours. Use enough liquid to soak.\r\nTenside solutions help to combat stubborn\r\ndirt. Soaking when properly done can help\r\nto reduce the time of real cleaning.

\r\n\r\nStep 3 \u2013 Cleaning:<\/strong> Use a high pressure\r\ncleaner to carry out the cleaning of the\r\nshed. Do this either with hot or cold water,\r\ndepending on the detergent you are using\r\nduring cleaning.

\r\n\r\nStep 4 \u2013 Flushing:<\/strong> Rinse the facility with\r\nenough clear water after cleaning.

\r\n\r\n\r\nStep 5 \u2013 Drying:<\/strong> Let the facility dry properly. This is important as puddles of any\r\nkind will dilute the disinfectant to be used\r\nafter drying.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nStep 6 \u2013 Disinfection:<\/strong> During application of the disinfectant, the house has to\r\nbe sealed and the ventilation has to be\r\nswitched off. Disinfection will reduce the\r\namount of infectious agents to a minimum. Therefore, use a minimum of 0.4 l \/m2\r\nof floor space. Disinfect from the rear\r\nto the front of the poultry house and from\r\nthe ceiling to the floor. Do not work with a\r\nwater pressure of more than 10 to 12 bar.

\r\n\r\nChoose disinfectants with a broad range of\r\nefficacy. They should be effective against\r\nbacteria as well as against fungus. If you\r\nhad extraordinary problems with the last\r\nflock, consult your veterinarian for advice\r\non the right disinfectant to apply.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"
Picture 8: 6 steps of good cleaning and disinfection procedures (DLG, 2010)<\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n


\r\n\r\nKeep in mind:<\/strong> Disinfection without proper cleaning has no effectiveness. Increasing\r\nthe concentration of a disinfectant is never\r\na substitute for thorough cleaning. \r\nDuring the disinfectant procedure some\r\nproblems can occur. These particularly include the following:

\r\n\r\n1. Protein error:<\/strong> Occurs if in an unclean\r\nenvironment, the disinfectant reacts\r\nwith faeces and other dirt before it can actually react with bacteria or other infectious agents\r\n

\r\n\r\n2. Soap mistake:<\/strong> Disinfectants can be\r\ninactivated if they react with residues of\r\ncleaning agents. Therefore, it is important to rinse the facility with clear water\r\nafter cleaning and to dry it thoroughly.

\r\n\r\n\r\n3. Temperature mistake:<\/strong> Some substances like Aldehydes do not work with temperatures which are below 10\u00b0C. The\r\nactivity of many disinfectants improves\r\nsignificantly as the temperatures rise.\r\n

\r\n\r\nTo make sure that the cleaning procedure\r\nwas effective, the results should be tested\r\neither by your veterinarian or by your own\r\nquality department. The following figures\r\nshown in table 2 and picture 9 can be\r\ntreated as guidelines where bacterial loads\r\nare concerned.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\nTable 2: Microbial contamination of surfaces before and after\r\ncleaning and disinfection (benchmark)<\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\nPicture 9: Bacterial load before and after cleaning and disinfection (DLG, 2010)<\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n


\r\n\r\n\r\nWater and Feed<\/strong>

\r\n\r\nWater and feed as well as their distribution systems are carriers for pathogens into\r\nthe poultry facilities. These are often overlooked since farm and production managers focus their efforts on monitoring other\r\nmanagement tools.

\r\n\r\nIt is important to integrate water lines, silos and feeding chains into the biosecurity\r\nprogram so as to maximize cleanliness, edibility and potability of feed and water.

\r\n\r\nClean and disinfect water lines regularly,\r\nespecially before and after each treatment\r\nwith vitamins, vaccination and medication.\r\nIf this is not performed, a biofilm will build\r\nup which can harm the quality of your water. Pathogens like E.Coli, Salmonella can\r\naccumulate very easily in biofilms. \r\n

\r\n\r\nWays to keep the water lines mechanically\r\nclean include the use of pulsed water or\r\nwith special water lines where the water\r\nis constantly in motion and little particles\r\nand sediments cannot stick on the walls of\r\nthe pipes. The other possibility to maintain\r\nthe hygienic status of the water lines on a\r\nhigh level is to treat the water chemically. \r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\nChlorination<\/strong>

\r\n\u2022\t Eliminates bacteria and many viruses

\r\n\u2022\t Most effective in warm water > 18 \u00b0C

\r\n\u2022\t Can affect the potency of medication\r\nand vaccines

\r\n\u2022\t Concentrations > 5% can harm metal\r\nequipment and gaskets

\r\n\r\nChlorine dioxide<\/strong>

\r\n\u2022\t No interactions known with medication

\r\n\u2022\t Improves digestive health of the flock

\r\n\r\nOrganic acids<\/strong>

\r\n\u2022\t Reduce the pH value of the water

\r\n\u2022\t Improve digestive health of the birds

\r\n\u2022\t Single acid application can cause slime

\r\nformation and block pipelines and nipples. High dosages of single acids can\r\ndamage water system and also be fatal\r\nto the birds

\r\n\u2022\t Organic acids are also a tool to reduce\r\nbacterial load in feed

\r\n\r\nCaution:<\/strong> If the pH value of the water\r\ndrops to a low level, this will have a negative impact on water intake and can have a\r\nnegative effect on the equipment as well\r\nas vaccines and medication.

\r\n\r\nThe water quality has to be checked on\r\na regular basis. If the water is supplied by\r\nan own well, make sure that the samples\r\nof water are examined at least twice a year.\r\nFeed has to always be of best quality. Establishing a quality monitoring program helps\r\nto assure and to monitor nutrient content,\r\nmicrobial and mycotoxin contamination.\r\nOne of the key factors is to store supplements hygienically to avoid contamination\r\nduring storage.

\r\n\r\nBesides storage, clean feed can also be\r\ncontaminated during transportation.\r\nTherefore, it is important to include trucks\r\ninto the biosecurity regime. The feed supplier has to be certified and controlled. He\r\nshould be able to perform heat treatment\r\nas a tool of sanitation, although very high\r\ntemperatures might have an impact on\r\nthe quality and may reduce the nutrient\r\nvalue of the feed. Retain a sample and bill\r\nof each delivery to have traceability in the\r\nevent of a disease outbreak.


\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRodent Control<\/strong>

\r\n\r\n\r\nRodents are attracted to poultry facilities\r\nby feed, water and environmental conditions in the barn. They contaminate poultry facilities with faecal excretions and are\r\nmajor vectors and reservoirs of pathogens;\r\nespecially Salmonella. Therefore, having an\r\neffective vermin control in place is a big\r\nadvantage. Take expert advice and audit\r\nthe success of the monitoring program\r\nregularly.


\r\n\r\n\r\nNew Technical Guide\r\nBiosecurity & Hygiene<\/strong>

\r\n\r\nWe are pleased to introduce our latest\r\nTechnical Guide on \u201cHygiene and Biosecurity\u201d where all the discussed topics have\r\nbeen compacted for you. The guide is\r\navailable in English,\r\nGerman and Spanish.\r\nPlease contact\r\nour marketing\r\ndepartment:\r\nmarketing@ltz.de\r\nto place your orders\r\nfor the same.\r\n

\r\n\r\nDjanet Ould-Ali,\r\nTechnical Service\r\n\r\n


\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\nPhotos courtesy of (l-r): Ms. Hannah Dunn, Mr. Ian Dunn, Ms. Norrie Russell<\/em>\r\n


\r\n\r\nIt is probably not\r\nupper –\r\nmost in\r\nyour mind when\r\nyou dye eggs for Easter that\r\nyou are depending on an invisible structure called the cuticle being present.

\r\n\r\nThe amount of change in colour you see\r\ndepends on how much cuticle is present\r\non the egg. Having colourful Easter eggs\r\nis good news, but more importantly the\r\ncuticle prevents bacteria entering the egg.\r\nThis reduces the chance bacteria can reach\r\nthe developing chick if the egg is fertile\r\nand keeps the eggs we eat safe. \r\n

\r\n\r\nWith industry we are developing tools\r\nwhich are more practical, although less\r\ncolourful, to measure the amount of cuticle on an egg. This will allow genetic selection to improve the cuticle and improve\r\nbiosecurity for poultry.

\r\n\r\nIan Dunn Ph.D

\r\n\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"In today\u2019s poultry operations, hygiene is an essential […]","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":52207,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2335],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52205","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poultry-news-zh-hans","issue-1-2014-zh-hans","yeararchive-2014-zh-hans"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"Biosecurity in Layer Frams - Lohmann Breeders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/biosecurity-in-layer-frams\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Biosecurity in Layer Frams - 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