{"id":52271,"date":"2020-08-28T14:01:12","date_gmt":"2020-08-28T12:01:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/review-of-different-day-old-chick-quality-parameters-in-layer-type-breeds\/"},"modified":"2020-08-28T14:01:12","modified_gmt":"2020-08-28T12:01:12","slug":"review-of-different-day-old-chick-quality-parameters-in-layer-type-breeds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/review-of-different-day-old-chick-quality-parameters-in-layer-type-breeds\/","title":{"rendered":"Review of different day-old chick quality parameters in layer type breeds"},"content":{"rendered":"<strong>Introduction<\/strong><br>\r\nThe aim of every commercial layer hatchery is a maximum hatchability of \u001crst quality chicks. Only healthy and vital chicks are able\r\nto have a good start in the rearing period after being handled and\r\ntransported. Good chick quality is clear to see with a low \u001crst week\r\nmortality rate and a uniform development of the whole \u001bock. It is\r\ntherefore the key to success not only for the hatchery but also the\r\nrearing farm. <br><br>\r\nA \u001crst indicator for chick quality is the percentage of second grade chicks. This percentage is naturally in\u001buenced by\r\nthe age of the breeder \u001bock. Young breeder \u001bocks, e.g. at\r\n< 30 weeks, usually give poorer results. If the chick quality does not improve with the age of the breeder \u001bock,\r\nexaminations need to be performed in order to \u001cnd\r\nout the causes. These causes can either be the age\r\nof the hatching egg and the general quality of the\r\nsame, transport and storage conditions as well as the\r\ndisinfection of the hatching eggs. Hatchery-related\r\nconditions might also have an impact on the\r\nquality of day old chicks. These include temperature, humidity levels, ventilation, frequency and the angle of turning during\r\nincubation.<br><br>\r\n The evaluation of chick quality in\r\nthe hatchery provides important information on the whole production\r\nprocess. If properly applied, it can be\r\nused to detect possible weaknesses of\r\nthe hatchery and the working routines in\r\nthe same. Either quantitative or qualitative\r\ntraits can be used for the measurement of\r\nchick quality. The qualitative traits are namely Chick weight, Chick Yield, Chick Length and\r\nFeather Length. Qualitative traits include the Vitality of the Chicks, the Quality of their Navel, their\r\nBeaks and Joints. Many hatcheries still hesitate to\r\napply the examination of the qualitative traits in\r\ntheir quality monitoring program as these traits are\r\nhighly subjective and hardly reliable.<br><br>\r\n\r\nThere are, however, methods that can help to measure the qualitative traits as objectively as possible, i.e. by reducing the individual subjectivity to a minimum. These so-called \u201cscoring\u201d systems\r\nenable recordings of the \u001crst visual quality traits of a chick to be\r\ntransformed into a quantifying assessment with a maximum score\r\nof 10 points. For every negative factor, one point will be deducted\r\nfrom the total of 10 points.<br><br>\r\n Parameters that can be included in the scoring system are all of the above-mentioned qualitative traits as well as additional factors, e.g. the e\u001dciency\r\nof vaccination and injuries. This\r\ncan help to monitor and improve the chick processing quality.<br><br>\r\n<strong>At which point of the production process should\r\nchick quality be investigated?<\/strong><br>\r\nThe point of investigation should be determined by the aim of the\r\nquality control. If these\r\ninvestigations serve\r\nthe primary purpose of\r\nimproving internal production processes, then\r\nchick quality should be\r\ninvestigated at takeo\u001e. The\r\nadvantage of this is that at this\r\npoint of the production chain,\r\nan overview of the quality of all hatched chicks can be attained. This helps to\r\nmake conclusions about the incubation process and can give important hints\r\non what needs to be improved. If it is desired to get an\r\noverview about the quality\r\nReview of di\u001cerent day-old\r\nchick quality parameters in\r\nlayer type breeds\r\nof the chicks that will be handed over to the customers, and if\r\ninformation about the sorting and handling of the chicks are just\r\nas required, then it can be more appropriate to conduct the examinations before transporting the chicks. At this point, the quality\r\nof the vaccination and chick handling can be evaluated as well. \r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>Quantitative Traits <\/h2>\r\n<br>\r\n<strong>Chick Weight<\/strong><br>\r\nChick weight is highly correlated with egg weight and therefore\r\nrelatively predictable. If the incubation process is done properly,\r\nthe chick weight will be 2\/3 of the egg weight. An extended or\r\nreduced incubation time as well as too high or too low temperatures and humidity levels during incubation can also have an im\r\npact on chick weight. The longer the chicks stay in the hatcher, the\r\nmore weight they will lose due to dehydration. On the other hand,\r\nif the chicks are pulled early, the chick weight can be higher than\r\nexpected. Two methods can be used for measuring chick weight: <br><br>\r\n\r\n1. Take single chick weights of a certain number of chicks. This\r\nallows to calculate the variation of chick weights within the group\r\ninvestigated in addition to the average. A good or bad uniformity\r\nof chick weight can be used as an indication of the quality of hatching egg grading. <br><br>\r\n2. The other possibility is to weigh a certain number of chicks\r\nat one time and calculate the average. This is a good and simple\r\nmethod, i.e. if only the average chick weight is of interest.<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/08\/fot41.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"504\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/> <br>\r\n<em>Recording single chick weight at the hatchery<\/em>\r\n\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/08\/fot40.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/> <br>\r\n<em>Weighing a certain number of chicks. Please don\u2019t forget to subtract the\r\nweight of the hatcher basket before calculating the average chick weight!<\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>Chick Yield<\/strong><br>\r\nIn relation with the chick weight, the quantitative trait \u201cChick Yield\u201d\r\n(Chick weight at hatch in % of the egg weight at point of set)\r\nmust be mentioned. This is a simple method of checking whether\r\nthe hatch time and incubation parameters are correct. To accurately measure chick yield, it is important to measure the weight of\r\ncompletely \u001clled setter trays at the point of setting and to calculate the average egg weight. (Please do not forget to subtract the\r\nweight of the empty setter tray before calculating the average\r\negg weight). The weighed setter trays must be labelled in order\r\nto identify them on the day of transfer. On the day of hatch, the\r\nchicks which originate from these labelled setter trays must be\r\nweighed in order to calculate the average chick weight. The ideal\r\nchick weight should be between 66\u201367 % of the egg weight. If\r\nthe chick weight is below target, this can be an indicator that the\r\nchicks were pulled too late and are therefore at the risk of dehydration. It can also be a sign that the humidity level chosen during\r\nincubation was too low. If chicks are required to travel long distances, it can be appropriate to aim for a chick yield which is about\r\n1 % higher than the ideal of 66\u201367 %. This can help to guarantee\r\nthat the chicks arrive as fresh as possible at the rearing farm. In\r\norder to achieve reliable results in terms of chick yield, at least 70\r\neggs and 70 chicks per breeder \u001bock must be weighed. It will surely be more accurate if from every \u001bock, 3 setter trays in di\u001eerent\r\npositions in the setter are investigated.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/08\/fot42.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"393\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n<strong>Chick Length<\/strong><br>\r\nIn addition to chick weight and chick yield, the length of the\r\nchicks is another quantitative trait which can be recorded in the\r\nhatchery. In order to measure a chick, it has to be placed alongside\r\na ruler and the length needs to be measured from the tip of the\r\nbeak to the end of the middle toe (see picture below). This trait is\r\noften taken in broiler hatcheries as it is well known that the chick\r\nlength measured on hatch day can have a signi\u001ccant impact on\r\nthe performance at the end of the rearing period. For layer type\r\nchicks, this trait is not relevant as the chicks are able to compensate body weight development during the long rearing period of\r\n18 weeks. If the hatchery manager nonetheless decides that the\r\nchick length should be recorded, the \u001cgures should be interpreted only in accordance with the hatch window. Layer type chicks\r\ncan grow more than 1 cm per day which means that the age of\r\nthe chicks at the point of investigation is of crucial importance.<br><br>\r\n\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/08\/fot45.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"483\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/><br>\r\n\r\n<em>Measuring the length of a chick with a ruler<\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>Measuring feather length<\/strong><br>\r\nExamining the feather length of a newly-hatched chick can, in addition to other factors, help to optimize the incubation process.\r\nIt can give an impression on how fresh the chicks are and if the\r\nincubation time chosen is either just right, too long or too short.\r\nIt must be taken into consideration that the feather length varies\r\nbetween breeds. Fast-feathering chicks (e.g. the female line of the\r\nLB parent stock) already have much longer feathers at the time\r\nof hatch and the growth rate of the primary feather is also higher than in genetically slow-feathering birds. When measuring the\r\nlength of a wing feather, a ruler must be placed carefully between\r\nthe wing feather and then can the length be recorded. In the hatchery, LSL parent stock chicks show an average feather length of\r\n9.6 mm with an average growth rate of 0.09 mm per hour. LB parent stock chicks, however, already show an average wing feather\r\nlength of 15.6 mm which grows at 0.15 mm per hour.\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/08\/fot43.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/><br>\r\n<em>Length of a wing feather<\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/08\/fot44.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"481\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/><br>\r\n<em>Measuring the feather length of a wing<\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Introduction The aim of every commercial layer hatchery [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":52273,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2335],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52271","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poultry-news-zh-hans","issue-2-2014-zh-hans","yeararchive-2014-zh-hans"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>Review of different day-old chick quality parameters in layer type breeds - 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