{"id":52293,"date":"2020-08-27T12:31:26","date_gmt":"2020-08-27T10:31:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/optimal-calcium-supply-of-laying-hens\/"},"modified":"2020-08-27T12:31:26","modified_gmt":"2020-08-27T10:31:26","slug":"optimal-calcium-supply-of-laying-hens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/optimal-calcium-supply-of-laying-hens\/","title":{"rendered":"OPTIMAL CALCIUM SUPPLY OF LAYING HENS"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>H.-H. Thiele (LOHMANN TIERZUCHT GmbH),\r\nG. D\u00edaz (Biomix S.A.) and\r\nL. Armel Ramirez (Pronavicola S.A.)<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<BR><BR>\r\n\r\nDuring their lifetime,\r\nmodern laying hens\r\nproduce a lot of eggs,\r\nhopefully \u201cwell packed\u201d for handling as hatching eggs or shell\r\neggs for human consumption. Only eggs harvested \u201ewellpacked\u201c from the nests (or cages) will add to farm income and\r\nmeet the demands of hatcheries,\r\nprocessing plants, egg traders and\r\nconsumers, whereas eggs with insufficient shell quality seldom recover the production cost and may be a\r\ncomplete loss. <br><br>\r\n selection for improved shell stability is\r\nan integral part of continuing efforts to enable modern laying hens to produce more eggs with\r\ngood shell quality over a longer period of time. egg producers\r\nand feed manufacturers should enable the birds to express their\r\ngenetic potential, providing an adequate nutrient supply with all\r\nnecessary raw minerals for proper shell formation. Attention to optimal nutrition is recommended throughout the laying period and\r\nis becoming even more significant since as the laying period of\r\nflocks is being extended. with increasing age and cumulative number of eggs produced, the ability of hens to produce eggshells of\r\ngood quality tends to decline. This is partly due to the exhaustion\r\nof calcium metabolism of the bone, but can also occur as a result\r\nof liver damage. Acute fatty liver syndrome or chronic congestion\r\nof the liver will accelerate the loss of shell stability with age.<br><br>\r\nThe shell of a hen\u2018s egg consists up to 90-95 % of calcium carbonate which is embedded in a protein matrix that determines\r\nthe strength of the egg. The eggshell is made essentially from\r\nlime, which is made available either from the daily feed supplied or from the long bones, especially the medullary bone\r\nmarrow. The calcium reservoir of this bone is formed with the\r\nonset of sexual maturity until shortly before the onset of egg\r\nproduction. The calcium in the bone is bound to phosphate.\r\nHow much of the lime actually used to form an eggshell comes from the recent dietary intake and how much from the\r\nbone varies and depends on the availability of the latter at the\r\ntime of shell formation. since the hens have only limited reserves of calcium in their bones, this must be supplemented with\r\nthe daily dietary intake. Today\u2019s commercial laying hens lay an\r\negg almost every day and therefore require about 4-5 grams\r\nof calcium per day. In order to support the complex process\r\nof eggshell formation, the hens should also be supplied with\r\nsufficient phosphorus and vitamin D3.\r\n <br><br>\r\n \r\n \r\n <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/08\/pic34.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"639\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/> <br><br>\r\n\r\n<em>Figure 1: shell formation in a 24-hour ovulation cycle (Clunies (1987)\r\ncited by Leeson and Summers (2001))<\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe process of eggshell formation takes place mainly during the hours of the night. The most intense period of shell\r\nformation is about 12-18 hours following the laying of an egg.\r\nThe intensity reaches its peak at 18 hours after an egg is laid\r\nand starts to decline again before the next egg is laid. During\r\nthis time, enough lime should be available from the gastrointestinal tract. since the retention period of ingested feed in\r\na chicken\u2019s digestive system is relatively short, i.e. about 3-4\r\nhours, it is important to feed the bird with lime at the right\r\ntime. scientific studies have shown that laying hens with ad\r\nlibitum access to lime have a particularly high appetite for\r\nlime in the last 5-6 hours of daylight. Apparently, these birds\r\ninstinctively know when they need more supply.<br><br>\r\nAt night, there is a cyclical increase in the female sex hormone\r\noestrogen which increases the solubility and transportability of\r\ncalcium. If no lime is available in the gastrointestinal tract during this time, the reserves in the bone would be mobilized. To\r\nprevent this, the structure of the lime supplied should not be\r\ntoo fine so that it cannot be dissolved quickly and then excreted by the hen during the day, before being needed and used. <br><br>\r\nThe benefits of feeding coarse lime (1.5 to max. 4 mm\r\nparticle size) in the afternoon or evening hours have been demonstrated repeatedly. By doing so, the amount of the calcium\r\nderived from the feed is maximized and the calcium metabolism of the bone is minimized. without adding to feed cost, this\r\nfeeding program combines three advantages: reduced phosphorous level in the feed (saving limited resources), less metabolic work for the hens (and maintenance of bone strength),\r\nand significant reduction of phosphorus excretion. The reduced daily mobilization of calcium reservoir in the bones would\r\nreduce the phosphorus excretion.<br><br>\r\n\r\n lime fine < 0,5 mm <br>\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/08\/pic37.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"656\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/> <br>\r\nDiaz, 2008 \r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\nlime coarse 1,5-2,5 mm <br>\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/08\/pic36.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"627\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/><br>\r\nArmel, 2011 \r\n\r\n\r\nlime very coarse \u2265 4 mm<br>\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/08\/pic35.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"652\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/>\r\nArmel, 2011 <br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\nIt is obvious that an optimally timed supply of lime is important for the maintenance of bone strength. If a laying hen extracts calcium from the reservoir of her bones during the night,\r\nthe lime will not only be mobilized from the medullary bone,\r\nbut also from the marrow of the structural bones. This reservoir\r\ncannot be restored during very long laying sequences, unlike\r\nthe reservoir in the medullary bone marrow. The laying hen\r\ncan only \u201crepair the damage\u201c during laying pauses or moulting,\r\nwhich allows the lime to be stored in the marrow of the structural bones and practically rebuild the reservoir. A modern laying\r\nhen producing eggs in long \u201cclutches\u201d, has to utilize the reservoir of the bones almost daily, compromising the long-term\r\nbone stability and increasing the well-known risk of bone fractures. For optimal implementation of these findings, it would be\r\nnecessary to provide two different feed mixtures: feed with lower calcium content and finer particles offered in the morning\r\nhours, feed with a higher lime content and coarse particle size\r\nduring the afternoon and evening hours. where it is impossible\r\nor too difficult to implement this recommendation in practice, a\r\nsignificant effect can be achieved by supplementing the single\r\nration with coarse lime in the afternoon and evening feedings.\r\nexperience in practice has shown that this not only improves\r\nshell stability, but also bone stability and the general health of\r\nlaying hens. Mini silos to supplement the feed and provide the\r\nright dosage of lime at the right time are becoming increasingly\r\npopular worldwide. <br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n<em>Figure 2:\r\nSimplified representation of the egg &#8211; shell formation<\/em>\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/08\/pic38.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"472\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/> <br><br>\r\n\r\nAs a general\r\nrule, we must assure that all essential components of the\r\nfeed will become available for each hen, i.e. we must\r\navoid segregation of feed components\r\nbetween feed mill and the hens. This applies to all nutrientrelevant raw materials as well as minerals and vitamins. A\r\nhomogeneous good mash feed structure is the feed for the\r\nmodern laying hen. with good feed quality, the use of fine\r\nor coarse lime is unproblematic. In case of pelleted or crumbled layer feed raw material components were mostly milled\r\nthrough a hammer mill which makes it difficult to add coarse\r\nlime. In this case lime must be added after pelleting; otherwise the lime content will have little value for the laying hen.<br><br>\r\n<strong> Dr. Hans-Heinrich Thiele<\/strong><br><br>\r\n<em>Photos: Armel (2011), Luykx (2012),\r\nThiele (2014), Kruger (2014)<\/em>\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/08\/pic39.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"291\" height=\"800\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/>\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"H.-H. Thiele (LOHMANN TIERZUCHT GmbH), G. D\u00edaz (Biomix  [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":49817,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2335],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52293","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poultry-news-zh-hans","issue-1-2015-zh-hans","yeararchive-2015-zh-hans"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>OPTIMAL CALCIUM SUPPLY OF LAYING HENS - Lohmann Breeders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/optimal-calcium-supply-of-laying-hens\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"OPTIMAL CALCIUM SUPPLY OF LAYING HENS - Lohmann Breeders\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"H.-H. 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