{"id":52372,"date":"2020-08-27T17:50:38","date_gmt":"2020-08-27T15:50:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/layer-type-pullet-rearing\/"},"modified":"2020-08-27T17:50:38","modified_gmt":"2020-08-27T15:50:38","slug":"layer-type-pullet-rearing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/layer-type-pullet-rearing\/","title":{"rendered":"Layer type pullet rearing"},"content":{"rendered":"

Managing the first days<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Nowadays a layer flock has a live span of up to 90 weeks. Compared to the production period, the rearing phase\r\nrepresents only a small part of the whole life cycle. Yet it determines to a large extent the success of later egg\r\nproduction. It is therefore of crucial importance to give the birds a good start in this phase of their life. <\/blockquote>\r\n

\r\n\r\nGood rearing management entails more than just following\r\nthe Management Guides of the\r\nbreeding company very strictly. People\r\nwho work with the animals should be able\r\nto judge the behavior and the condition\r\nof the flock and make the right conclusions. The eye and the common sense of the\r\npullet rearer are often underestimated or\r\nforgotten. even though they are among\r\nthe most important factors in successful\r\npullet growing.

\r\n\r\n

Preparing the chicken house<\/H2>\r\nIsolation and restricted access to the brooding area are of prime importance for the\r\ncontrol and prevention of poultry disease.\r\nThe all-in all-out rearing programme is recommended as it provides excellent means\r\nfor isolation. It also allows for proper cleanup in the event of a disease outbreak. Traffic between the rearing area and lay houses\r\nshould be avoided. Place day-old chicks in\r\nhouses which are properly cleaned and disinfected only. Make sure that the house is\r\nheated up to 36 \u00b0C at the moment of chick\r\narrival. Litter should be placed after heating\r\nthe shed, for instance when the floor has\r\nreached the correct temperature. If litter\r\nis spread too early, significant differences\r\nbetween floor and room temperature can\r\ncause condensation. The litter becomes\r\nwet and sticky from beneath.

\r\n\r\n

Brooding period<\/H2>\r\nThe first week of a pullet\u2019s life can also be\r\ndescribed as the brooding period. when\r\nchickens hatch, they are coldblooded for\r\nabout the first 5 days of their life. This means\r\nthey are unable to maintain their body temperature of 40-41\u00b0C on their own and are\r\nhighly dependent on external heat sources. This is why, during the first phase of\r\nlife, we have to consider air temperature as\r\none of the most important factors leading\r\nto a successful rearing period. It is absolutely necessary to supply the birds with the\r\nright temperatures for each period of age.\r\nAn infrared thermometer for babies is used\r\nto easily supervise chick body temperature\r\nand adjust the house temperature accordingly. some crucial mistakes with regard\r\nto temperature that often occur in the chicken houses:

\r\n\r\n\u203a<\/strong> The reference thermometer is not\r\nplaced on chick level. One has to be\r\naware that the temperature half a metre\r\nabove the chick level can be already up\r\nto 2 to 3\u00b0C warmer.

\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Chick behavior is not taken into account.\r\nwe should not only watch the exact\r\ntemperature on the thermometer, but\r\nalso observe the chickens very closely.\r\nsome flocks feel comfortable at a temperature of 34\u00b0C, others need 36\u00b0C or\r\nmore during the first 24 hours. Chicks\r\nshould be evenly spread in the barn. If\r\nthey huddle together, they feel too cold.\r\nIf they spread out their wings and are inactive, they feel too warm.

\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Air humidity. Often the house is well prepared concerning target temperature\r\nbut at the same moment, air humidity is\r\nvery weak (< 40 %). In order to have a\r\nbetter distribution of heating energy in\r\nthe whole chicken house and to avoid\r\ndehydration of the chicks, air humidity\r\nmust be at least 60 %. If this is not the\r\ncase, it is possible that the chicks feel\r\nuncomfortable even though the target\r\ntemperatures are correct. There are easy\r\nmeasures which can be taken to improve air humidity. For instance, moistening the floor and walls where chicks are \r\nnot present and hanging wet sheets will\r\nhelp to improve air humidity.

\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Air drafts in a poultry house may chill the\r\nchicks and can result in piling.

\r\n\r\n\r\n

Lighting scheme<\/H2>\r\nBesides the temperature, the lighting program is an important tool to give chickens\r\na good start into their life. Young chicks\r\narriving at the rearing farm already have\r\nendured a long transport after hatching.\r\nDay-old chickens are normally provided\r\nwith 24 hours of light for the first 2 to 3\r\ndays to give them time to recover and to\r\neat and drink ad libitum. \u201cIn reality, however, it has been observed that some\r\nchicks continue to rest after arrival, while\r\nothers seek out food or water. Flock activity will therefore always be uneven. During this phase of rearing, attendants find\r\nit particularly difficult to accurately assess\r\nchick behavior and condition. An intermittent lighting program (see figure 1) can be\r\nused during the first 7 to 10 days after hatching. This program divides the day into\r\nresting and activity phases. The objective\r\nof such a program is to synchronize chick\r\nactivity. This makes it easier for the staff to\r\nassess the condition of the flock more accurately. It also stimulates food and water\r\nintake through group behavior.

\r\nThe benefits of using an intermittent lighting program are:

\r\n\r\n\u203a <\/strong>Chicks rest or sleep at the same time.\r\nChick behavior is synchronized.

\r\n\r\n\r\nTable 1: Recommended particle size distribution of developer and layer feed<\/em>

\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\n\r\n*in the 1st age phase, never exceed 3 mm; in other phases never exceed 5 mm<\/em>

\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"
\r\nGraph: Intermittent Lighting Program for dayold chicks. This lighting program can be applied\r\nduring the first 7 to 10 days after hatching<\/em>

\r\n\r\n\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Weaker chicks are stimulated by stronger ones to be active and ingest feed\r\nand water.

\r\n\u203a <\/strong>Flock behavior is more uniform, making\r\nchick assessment easier.

\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Losses in the first week are reduced.

\r\nAfter the intermittent lighting program\r\nhas been used for about the first 10 days,\r\nthe pullet rearer can switch over to the\r\nnormal lighting program which is recommended by the breeding company.

\r\n\r\n

Feed and water<\/H2>\r\nThe physiology of day-old chicks makes it\r\npossible to transport them over very long\r\ndistances without feed and water. They are\r\nborn with a yolk sac, which supplies them\r\nwith everything they need during the first\r\n48 hours of their life. It also provides them\r\nwith maternal antibodies which help to\r\ndevelop a certain immunocompetence.\r\nHowever, poultry growers should aim to\r\nfeed and water day-old chicks as fast as\r\npossible to maintain good vitality. As a\r\nconsequence, they will achieve a low first\r\nweek mortality. The earlier the chicks are\r\nstarting to eat, the better they can metabolize the nutrient package of their yolk\r\nsac, which lowers the risk of yolk sac infection. supply enough drinker and feeder\r\nspace. some producers have found that\r\nadding electrolytes to the drinking water\r\nimproves the performance of chicks. This\r\nstep should be taken after consulting a\r\nqualified veterinarian who is familiar with\r\nlocal conditions. Maintaining the right\r\ndrinking water temperature of 22 to 25\u00b0C\r\nis crucial in order to have the highest possible water intake from the beginning. It\r\nis recommendable to feed best quality\r\nmash or crumbled feed during the brooding period. Only unsaturated fatty acids\r\nlike linoleic acid can be usefully utilized by\r\nchicks and should be added to the feed.\r\nsaturated fatty acids in contrast, will harm\r\nthe birds and will result in wet and black\r\ncloacas. Providing four diets (starter, grower, developer and pre-layer) during the\r\nbrood and grow period are very adequate\r\nfor the chicks and pullets. each diet should\r\nbe supplemented with vitamins and minerals. each diet should be fed until the\r\nappropriate target weight (provided by\r\nthe breeding company) is achieved. Only\r\nat that point, the switch to the next diet\r\nshould be made.

\r\nMain mistakes which occur in rearing\r\nhouses:<\/strong>

\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Nipple drinkers are placed too high.\r\nDuring the first days, the nipple should\r\nbe at eye level of the chicks. Reduce the\r\npressure of the water in water lines, so\r\nthat the day-old chicks easily operate\r\nthe nipples. \r\n

\r\n\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Too few drinkers and feeders. It is crucial\r\nthat the birds don\u2019t have to search for\r\nwater and feed. It is better to place too\r\nmany drinkers than too few. Birds that\r\ndo not drink will also eat too little.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u203a<\/strong> For birds which arrive from the hatchery\r\nwith their beak treated, open water sources (for instance round drinkers, cups)\r\nhave to be available.

\r\n\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Change the water in the round drinkers\r\nand flush water pipes regularly. Avoid\r\ndirty and contaminated water. Make sure\r\nyou clean water pipes efficiently during\r\nservice periods, simultaneously ensuring\r\nthat no residues of disinfectants remain\r\nin the water system and harm the taste\r\nof the water.

\r\n\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Wrong water temperature. Maintain\r\na water temperature between 22 and\r\n25\u00b0C. Change the water in round drinkers\r\nand flush water pipes regularly. Chicks\r\ndon\u2019t like to drink very hot water. A good\r\nmeasure is to flush the water pipes during the 2 hours of darkness when an\r\nintermittent lighting program is applied.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Feed and water are placed many hours\r\nand sometimes days before chick arrival.\r\nThis results in very dry feed and too hot\r\nwater. Both are not appreciated by the\r\nbirds and will slow down their development. In the worst case scenario this\r\nmay induce a high first week mortality.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\u203a <\/strong>Pan feeders. They don\u2019t fit the needs of\r\nlayer type pullets. They hardly run empty once a week. This stimulates selective eating of birds aged over 12 weeks.\r\nTherefore, it results in an imbalanced\r\nnutrient supply.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\u203a <\/strong>Using different drinker and feeder systems during rearing and production. This\r\nis dangerous and contributes to pullets\r\nstarving out and drying out after transfer.\r\nNever use open water sources and chain\r\nfeeders when you transfer pullets in a production house where only nipple drinkers\r\nand pan feeders are installed.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\u203a<\/strong> supply the birds with feed that has the\r\nright particle size for each age. Very\r\nyoung birds also don\u2019t like to eat feed\r\nthat is too fine. (see table 1)

\r\n\r\n\r\n\u203a<\/strong> To change the phase of feeding, the\r\nbody weight is a more important factor\r\nthan the age of the flock. If the body\r\nweight of a flock is not on target, the\r\nfeed type should not be changed until\r\nthe birds have reached their weight.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Weighing of birds<\/H2>\r\nweighing the birds on a regular basis\r\n(once per week and directly in the morning when the light goes on) is one of\r\nthe most important indicators for applying important management tools, such\r\nas lighting program and phase feeding,\r\nin the correct way. Things which are done\r\nwrongly in the field are:

\r\n\u203a<\/strong> weighing the birds without making conclusions.

\r\n\r\n\u203a<\/strong> weighing too few birds. It is recommendable to weigh at least 1 % of the flock or\r\nat least 100 birds per flock.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Not weighing birds at all!

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Signs of distress<\/H2>
\r\nBe alert to distress signals coming from\r\nthe chicks. React appropriately to the following chick behavior:

\r\n\r\n\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Listless and prostrate chicks indicate excessive heat.

\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Loud chirping indicates hunger or cold.

\r\n\u203a<\/strong> Grouping (huddling) together indicates\r\nexcessive cold or draughts.

\r\n\u203a <\/strong>Pasted vents which may indicate excessive heat or coldness or feed that contains saturated fatty acids.

\r\n\r\n\r\n

Common sense<\/H2>\r\nPullet rearing sounds easy in management\r\nguides. And many people think that, if they\r\nonly meticulously follow the management\r\nguidelines, nothing can go wrong. But\r\nthere are some measures which cannot\r\nbe described or explained in a management guide, and these include relying on\r\nyour own common sense. when entering\r\na pullet barn, every sense like smelling,\r\nhearing, feeling and touching should be\r\nused. If you have the vague impression\r\nthat something is wrong, believe your instinct and try to find out what is amiss. even\r\nthough the climate computer shows optimal conditions, search for the reason why\r\nyou personally had a bad feeling about the\r\nconditions or the behavior of that flock.\r\nThis little investment of time will pay off\r\nand make you more sensitive to the needs\r\nof your pullets.

\r\nIn this article only a few measures are described and the main focus is on the first\r\nweek management of a flock. Be aware\r\nthat in the critical phase of 4 to 8 weeks,\r\nbirds have an enormous body weight development. A too high stocking density\r\nduring that age destroys every flock with\r\nrespect to average body weight and homogeneity.

\r\nFarhad Mozafar<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Managing the first days Nowadays a layer flock has a li […]","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":52374,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2335],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52372","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poultry-news-zh-hans","issue-2-2015-zh-hans","yeararchive-2015-zh-hans"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"Layer type pullet rearing - Lohmann Breeders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/layer-type-pullet-rearing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Layer type pullet rearing - 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