{"id":52446,"date":"2020-08-26T14:28:55","date_gmt":"2020-08-26T12:28:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/more-attention-to-the-drinking-water\/"},"modified":"2020-08-26T14:28:55","modified_gmt":"2020-08-26T12:28:55","slug":"more-attention-to-the-drinking-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/more-attention-to-the-drinking-water\/","title":{"rendered":"More attention to the drinking water"},"content":{"rendered":"
Water is considered as the most important, but also as\r\nthe most often forgotten nutrient in poultry farming. The\r\nsupply of livestock with fresh, high-quality water is one of\r\nthe most important basics of modern animal husbandry<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n

\r\nDespite the great importance of water and the water supply for\r\nthe livestock, this area is often neglected and underestimated.\r\nThereby, poor and inadequate water quality and water supply for\r\npoultry may cause adverse effect on the health and performance\r\nof birds. Anyhow, the high genetic potential of the birds can only\r\nbe utilized by feeding them with a full\u00advalue nutritious diet which\r\nsurely includes also good quality and fresh drinking water.\r\nIt is not for nothing that water is considered in many cultures as\r\nthe \u201csource of life\u201c.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"

\r\n\r\nSome facts about drinking water for humans; Source: http:\/\/www.wateraid.org<\/em>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Important functions of water in animal organism <\/h2>\r\n\u203a In fact all chemical procedures in body proceed in water. Water is\r\nalso the means of transport for nutrients and oxygen to cells and\r\ncarries out the metabolism waste products away from the cells.\r\n\u203a Water is essential for feed intake and digestion procedures.\r\n\u203a Water regulates the body temperature.\r\n\u203a Significant parts of animal body, its organs and tissues such as\r\nthe brain and the muscles are made up in large amount of water.\r\nThat is why the good quality and fresh drinking water must be\r\nalways available for birds.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n

\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n

Water quality: What do we have to keep an eye on? <\/h2>\r\n\r\nThe drinking water for poultry should be the same quality as the\r\ndrinking water for human use that means clean, colorless, odorless,\r\ntasteless and free of pathogens and hazardous ingredients. Although\r\nthe drinking water regulations for human does not necessarily also\r\napply to drinking water for poultry or in general livestock, it should\r\nstill basically meet the requirements of the drinking water ordinance.\r\nTable 1 shows recommended ranges for a suitable drinking\r\nwater for laying hens. Exceeding these limits may cause an adverse\r\neffect on animal health and performance. In addition, the effectiveness of medications and vaccines that are administered via the drinking water could be affected because of poor water quality. Furthermore, the water system in a poultry house can be also affected by\r\npoor water quality. For example there is a risk of clogging of water\r\nsystem by excessively high calcium or iron contents in water and\r\nlow pH values of the water may cause damages to copper pipes.\r\nIn general it is important to keep in mind that poultry and\r\nlaying hens in particular are very sensitive to an excess of the recommended limits.

\r\n\r\nTable 1: Recommended ranges for drinking water for laying hens<\/em>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n

\r\n* Evaluation of drinking water quality for poultry should basically\r\nmeet the requirements of the drinking water ordinance for humans.\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n

Water Source: municipal or well-water?<\/h2>\r\nClearly the water quality is highly dependent on the water source.\r\nThe water supply of poultry farms take place either through the\r\nmunicipal water supply or well\u00adwater. Usually the water supply\r\nthrough well\u00adwater is cheaper. However, it is very important to pay\r\nextra attention to the quality of well\u00adwater and its contents and\r\nany contamination with pathogens should be completely excluded. That\u2019s why well\u00adwater should be inspected at least twice a\r\nyear of its germ content and physicochemical properties. Moreover, it is extremely important to pay attention to a professional\r\nsampling and analysis. For example excessive salt levels in drinking\r\nwater for laying hens can cause persistent damage to shell quality\r\nand hard water with high TDS* levels may cause kidney damage.\r\nHowever, the water quality via the municipal network is even\r\nonly ensured until the entrance to the poultry house. The long\r\nway of the water through the whole water system in a farm may\r\nhave a negative impact on the water quality. In addition, high\r\ntemperatures in a poultry house along with low water flow rates\r\nand old pipeline systems offer pathogens the optimal living and\r\ngrowing conditions.\r\n(TDS* : Total Dissolved Solids)

\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFor example excessive salt levels in drinking water for laying hens can\r\ncause persistent damage to shell quality and hard water with high TDS*\r\nlevels may cause kidney damage<\/em>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Biofilm: the hidden hazard <\/h2>\r\nBy poor water quality, high water temperatures, low water flow\r\nrate and standing water and residues of medications and vaccinations a slimy layer \u201cthe so\u00adcalled biofilm\u201c forms in water system.\r\nIn addition, dirt particles, mold, algae and micro\u00adorganisms can\r\nattach to the biofilm and accumulate there. Also food particles,\r\nfeces or sugar often used as a carrier for medications offer an optimal growing environment for the micro\u00adorganisms in the watering system. The biofilm affects the taste, smell and the quality\r\nof drinking water and in addition to it may have also negative\r\nimpacts on the performance of the birds and cause diseases in the\r\nflocks. Bacteria protected inside the biofilm can multiply within\r\njust few hours under ideal conditions inside biofilm. Regular\r\ncleaning and disinfecting of the whole pipelines and water system in a poultry house in order to eliminate biofilm are important\r\nrequirements to ensure a high drinking water hygiene and quality\r\n

\r\n \r\n \"\"\r\n Be sure, although you don\u2019t see it, Biofilm and Mineral Deposits are almost\r\nalways inside the waterlines!<\/em>\r\n \r\n

\r\n \r\n \r\n

Water consumption, water temperature and drinkers height<\/h2>\r\nIt is in general recommended to check the accurate water consumption regularly. A water meter is the best useful tool to monitor water consumption and changes in it. Sudden increase or\r\ndecrease in water consumption can indicate serious health problems of the birds such as diseases or heat stress. Furthermore,\r\nit may also indicate issues with water system (e.g. leaks, air locks,\r\nresidue build\u00adups etc.). The water consumption depends on various factors and environmental conditions and is particularly influenced by the ambient and water temperature. In general, the\r\ndaily amount of water consumption increases with increasing\r\nambient temperature.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"

\r\nThe right water pressure should be always taken into consideration.<\/em>\r\n\r\nThe right water pressure should be always taken into consideration.<\/em>

\r\n\r\n\r\nThe optimal water temperature for drinking water for laying hens\r\nis about 15 to 20\u00b0 C. At higher ambient temperatures the water is\r\nalso used as a tool to regulate the body temperature. Water and\r\nfeed consumption are closely related: The water to feed ratio at\r\ncomfort temperatures of 18 to 20\u00b0 C is around 2:1. This relation increases up to 5:1 or even higher at high ambient temperatures of\r\nover 30\u02da C. At such temperatures the birds eat less food but drink\r\nmore water. In these weather conditions, it is advisable to supply\r\nthe birds with cool drinking water as the hens do not drink when\r\nthe water temperature is too high. Especially at housing of dayold chicks and during first days of rearing because of desired high\r\nhouse temperatures more attention should be paid to the water\r\ntemperature. Water Temperatures of ca. 18 \u00ad 22\u02da C is recommended for day\u00adold\u00adchicks in first days. By temporarily flushing of the\r\nnipple drinkers or by regular renewing of water in bell drinkers the\r\noptimum water temperature of the drinking water for the chicks\r\ncan be achieved

\r\n\r\nMoreover, the height of drinkers should be set so that the\r\nchicks can easily drink water. For sure the drinkers\u2019 height must be\r\nadjusted accordingly to the age of the birds.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n \r\n \r\n \"\"
\r\n The height of drinkers should be adjusted accordingly to the age of the\r\nbirds. In this example the drinker\u2019s height is too low.<\/em>\r\n

\r\n \r\n \r\n \"\"
\r\n \r\n The functionality of the water system among others water pipes, water reservoirs, water meter, water filters, pressure regulators, nipple drinker etc.\r\nshould be always kept under review. <\/em>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n \"\"
\r\n \r\n The output pressure of nipple drinkers must be regulated exactly. Examples\r\nfor too high and too low output pressures or clogged nipples.<\/em>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n

Water as a tool for vaccination and medication <\/h2>\r\nDrinking Water vaccinations are not labor intensive but must\r\nbe carried out with the greatest care to be effective. The water\r\nused for medications and vaccinations must not contain any disinfectants or dirt particles. The water system should be cleaned\r\nand water should be flushed through the pipelines before the\r\nvaccination. Especially the recommended values for nitrite, nitrate, iron and manganese which may have negative impact on\r\nefficacy of vaccines and medications should not be exceeded.\r\nIn addition low pH\u00advalues may harm the effectiveness of vaccinations and antibiotics. The accurate water consumption is needed to make the right dosages of vaccinations and medications.\r\nThe amount of vaccine solution should be calculated for complete\r\nconsumption within about 2 hours as vaccinations via drinking\r\nwater are usually live vaccines. This is also advisable to use water\r\nstabilizers to protect the virus titer to ensure the effectiveness of\r\nvaccinations. To avoid any mistakes during the application, the\r\npackage inserts should be carefully studied before vaccination.\r\n \r\n \r\n

\r\n \r\n \r\n

Summary <\/h2>\r\nPoor water supply and lack of water intake put the quality of the\r\nfood produced by the livestock under risk. Poor drinking water\r\nquality and water supply can lead to performance depressions\r\nand health problems of poultry flocks. A regular inspection of water supply equipment and water quality as well as cleaning and\r\ndisinfection of drinking facilities must be ensured. At each service\r\nperiod the whole water system including water tanks, water pipes\r\nand drinkers must also be cleaned and disinfected thoroughly. Many poultry diseases may have their causes in poor water\r\nhygiene and quality. Generally, the importance of good quality\r\ndrinking water for livestock is often underestimated. Therefore,\r\ngreater attention should be paid to drinking water quality and\r\nwater supply for poultry.

\r\n\r\nFarhad Mozafar<\/strong>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\nSudden increase or decrease in water consumption can indicate serious\r\nhealth problems such as diseases or heat stress. Furthermore, it may also indicate issues with water system (e.g. leaks, air locks, residue build-ups etc.). <\/em>

\r\n \"\"\r\n \r\n With algae clogged water filter<\/em>

\r\n \"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n Ensuring good water quality for the laying hens kept in free range or organic\r\nsystems is a real challenge for farmers in Europe.<\/em>\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Water is considered as the most important, but also as […]","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":52448,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2335],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52446","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poultry-news-zh-hans","issue-2-2016-zh-hans","yeararchive-2016-zh-hans"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"More attention to the drinking water - Lohmann Breeders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/more-attention-to-the-drinking-water\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"More attention to the drinking water - 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