{"id":52855,"date":"2020-07-24T12:03:15","date_gmt":"2020-07-24T10:03:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/practical-aspects-of-feeding-crude-fibre-applications-and-problems-with-digestion-in-poultry-feed\/"},"modified":"2020-07-24T12:03:15","modified_gmt":"2020-07-24T10:03:15","slug":"practical-aspects-of-feeding-crude-fibre-applications-and-problems-with-digestion-in-poultry-feed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/practical-aspects-of-feeding-crude-fibre-applications-and-problems-with-digestion-in-poultry-feed\/","title":{"rendered":"Practical aspects of feeding, crude fibre applications and problems with digestion in poultry feed?"},"content":{"rendered":"Introduction<\/strong>

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Crude fibre in poultry feed \u2013 what sort of\r\ntopic is that? When as an animal nutritionist\r\nyou speak on this topic with poultry\r\nfarmers, you are (still) often met with incomprehension\r\nand embarrassed smiles.\r\nEvery poultry rearer and farmer knows that\r\ncrude fibre is important in feeding cow,\r\nsows, horses and rabbits \u2013 but in poultry\r\nfeeding? Sometimes colleagues, who work\r\nwith poultry feed, also reply with a friendly,\r\nsomewhat uncomprehending smile, when\r\nyou talk about crude fibre in poultry nutrition\r\nor suggest that it should be specifically\r\nincluded in laying hen feed formulae.<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\nWhen you examine the international\r\nliterature in more detail and listen more\r\nclosely to colleagues in various countries\r\nyou very quickly begin to think that this\r\nmust be a very interesting topic. As research\r\non poultry behaviour has become\r\nmore common, test results are increasingly\r\nproving that crude fibres (roughage)\r\nhave a positive effect on this complex\r\nissue. There are also extensive indications\r\nfrom research and practice that there appears\r\nto be a positive correlation with the\r\nconsistency and moisture content of the\r\nfaeces and overall intestinal health and\r\ntherefore the litter quality.

\r\n\r\nDefinition of crude fibre<\/strong>

\r\n\r\nThe expressions, crude fibre and roughage\r\nare often equated. This is because crude\r\nfibre is an expression, which has been\r\nused for a very long time. The term crude\r\nfibre comes from animal feed analyses,\r\nmore precisely from the Weender analysis\r\nestablished in 1864. The Weender analysis\r\nrecords the different animal feed components\r\nor substances in their relation to each\r\nother and enables a rough estimate of digestion\r\nto be made. The value, ‘crude fibre’\r\ndescribes various structural materials, which\r\nare insoluble in diluted acids and alkaline\r\nsolutions, including an amorphous group\r\nof feed components, which are difficult or\r\nimpossible to digest, and which therefore\r\nhave a ‘poor reputation’ in poultry nutrition.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTable 1:<\/strong> Nutrient content of selected raw materials, base 88% dry matter<\/em>
\r\nSource: <\/strong>Jeroch & D\u00e4nicke Poultry Yearbook 2008, Some Calculations and Data; Energy in accordance\r\nwith the WPSA [World Poultry Science Association] formula for estimating the content of metabolisable\r\nenergy in poultry diets; HP \u2013 high protein, LP \u2013 low protein<\/em>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nOrigins of crude fibre<\/strong>

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Crude fibre is used more or less inevitably\r\nin all feed formulae. Since ‘officially’ crude\r\nfibre makes no contribution to the nutritional\r\nvalue of a poultry feed, but nonetheless\r\nmust be declared as a maximum value\r\nin many countries, the crude fibre content\r\nis included for information purposes in all\r\nfeed calculations and improvements. Usually,\r\nno minimum crude fibre requirement\r\nis set in poultry feed formulae; a maximum\r\nvalue serves solely to ensure that the specified\r\ndeclaration value is not exceeded.<\/blockquote>\r\n

\r\n\r\nTherefore, when different crude fibres are\r\nused, the actual value fluctuates within a\r\nrange from approx. 2.5% in a maize-soya\r\nbased mixture up to 6.0 – 7.0 % in mixtures\r\nbased on barley, sunflower extract meal\r\nand cereal by-products such as bran. The\r\ncrude fibre content in a poultry feed is related\r\non one hand to the energy content\r\nof the different raw materials, yet on the\r\nother hand it should attract more interest\r\nin the preparation of formulae for poultry.

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRequirements for crude fibre content\r\nin poultry feed<\/strong>

\r\n\r\nWhereas earlier feeding recommendations\r\nemphasised an upper crude fibre\r\nlimit value on fodder, for various reasons\r\na lower limit value is also necessary, for as\r\na rule raw materials such as these, which\r\nare high in energy and contain relatively\r\nlittle crude fibre, are taken into account\r\nnowadays for highly productive poultry\r\n(both energy and protein animal feed).
\r\nMoreover, the formulae sometimes contain\r\nconsiderable proportions of fodder\r\nfat. This can very often result in crude fibre\r\ncontents, which are 3% in complete fodder.\r\nFor the following reasons, however,\r\nwe need to attach considerably more importance\r\nto the crude fibre content:

\r\n\r\n
  • requirement for the development of\r\nthe digestive tract in rearing animals\r\n(e.g. pullets) in order to facilitate\r\nadequate feed intake from the start of\r\nlaying activity to the peak of laying<\/li>\r\n
  • stimulation of gizzard development<\/li>\r\n
  • stabilisation of the intestinal flora and\r\ntherefore improvement in faecal consistency\r\n(better litter quality in barn\r\nrearing, fewer dirty eggs in all types of\r\nhousing systems<\/li>\r\n
  • prevention of digestive disorders<\/li>\r\n
  • therefore reduces the tendency towards\r\n(toe and => delete) feather pecking,\r\neating feathers and cannibalism\r\n(especially with laying hens).<\/li><\/ul>\r\n

    \r\n\r\nThe recommendations for optimising crude\r\nfibre intake are dependent on the age\r\nof the animals, the type of poultry and\r\nthe use for which the poultry are kept.\r\nThe contents recommended in each case\r\nshould not be significantly exceeded, because\r\nthe nutrient digestibility is or can\r\nbe reduced and the energy and nutrient\r\nconcentration of the feed may become\r\nthe limiting factor for an adequate supply.\r\nExceptions from this are feeding procedures,\r\nin which high crude fibre contents\r\nare used specifically to restrict energy (e.g.\r\nbroiler breeders). In addition, in extensive\r\nfeeding procedures and during non-laying\r\nperiods (moult) the feed contains higher\r\ncrude fibre contents.

    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    Because the positive use of crude fibres\r\nin general has meanwhile been recognised\r\nfor many breeds of poultry, the range\r\nof the raw materials used in the feed has\r\nalso been extended. Whereas maize used\r\nto be the preferred cereal, nowadays wheat\r\nis used in particular, as well as triticale, barley,\r\noats to a limited extent and sometimes\r\neven rye.<\/blockquote>\r\n

    \r\n\r\nWhere protein providers are concerned,\r\nsoya products used to be predominantly\r\npreferred, whereas in the meantime\r\nproducts made from sunflower seed, rapeseed\r\nproducts and resource protein providers,\r\nsuch as various by-products from bio\r\nenergy generation have come into use.\r\nThese raw materials used as alternatives to\r\nmaize and soya all show higher crude fibre\r\ncontents and are currently widely used.\r\nFurthermore, crude fibre concentrates\r\nbased on lignocellulose, with a minimum\r\ncontent of 60% of indigestible crude fibre\r\nmust be mentioned. Their use has proved\r\nits worth on many counts and in particular\r\noffers the advantage of having the low\r\nusage rate of approx. 1% in the formulae,\r\nwhich scarcely displaces all the other raw\r\nmaterials in this respect.

    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    In principle the introduction of minimum\r\ncontents in crude fibres in poultry\r\nfeed formulae should, however, not result\r\nin a “nutrient dilution”, the consequence of\r\nwhich can be reductions in performance\r\non the one hand or increased feed consumption.\r\nThe possible content in crude\r\nfibres in a formula is on the one hand\r\nstrongly dependent on the availability of\r\nthe raw materials and on the other on the\r\nenergy and nutrient concentrations in the\r\nformulae concerned.<\/blockquote>\r\n

    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"

    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCrude fibre in laying hen feed \u2013\r\nhow can this be achieved?<\/strong>

    \r\n\r\nLaying hens in the rearing and production\r\nphases benefit to a large extent from\r\ncrude fibre in the feed. This message and\r\nthis knowledge has for a long time been\r\nregularly demonstrated in practice and\r\nfor some time now has also been analysed\r\nfrom the scientific viewpoint. In this\r\nscience differentiates between different\r\nproportions or fractions of crude fibre. The\r\nportion, which should be more closely examined\r\nhere, is the indigestible portion,\r\nsuch as lignin and cellulose.

    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    If someone with experience brings a\r\ncertain amount of knowledge of the topic,\r\ncrude fibre for laying hens and poultry\r\nin general, the next question is how\r\nto integrate crude fibre into the laying\r\nfeed. First and foremost, it must be stated\r\nthat the incorporation of crude fibres\r\nin laying hen feed should not reduce the\r\nnormal nutrient concentration, because\r\nthis would have a negative effect on the\r\nperformance data for the animals.<\/blockquote>\r\n

    \r\n \r\nSecondly,\r\nthis is strongly dependent on the\r\navailability of suitable raw materials, such\r\nas: the cereals barley and oats, any form of\r\ncereal by-products whatsoever, sunflower\r\nand rapeseed products, DDGS, alfalfa and\r\nfinally ligno-cellulose concentrations.

    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    All these raw materials have a lower\r\nnutrient concentration in comparison\r\nwith maize and soya than the macro commodities\r\nmost used world-wide for poultry\r\nfeed. In order not to reduce the overall\r\nnutrient concentration in the feed and as\r\na consequence of the intake of the raw\r\nmaterials in the feed mixture discussed\r\nabove the fat content usually rises. For\r\nthat reason it must basically be possible to\r\ndose or include fat and\/or oil in the feed\r\nformulation. A significantly higher degree\r\nof crude fat in the feed offers a large number\r\nof benefits for the feed in rearing and\r\nproduction, e.g. with respect to the technical\r\nquality of the (meal) feed and also\r\noptimum nutrition for the animals.<\/blockquote>\r\n

    \r\n\r\nThe overall level of crude fibre in laying\r\nhen feed in rearing and production\r\nis determined or calculated by\r\nthe well-known linear feed optimisation\r\nmethod. This has\r\nproved possible up to 7 % and\r\nneither the performance not\r\nthe health of the animals has\r\nbeen adversely affected; sometimes\r\ncrude fibre in the feed even\r\nimproves the animals’ health and behaviour.\r\nBased on this experience we can state the\r\nfollowing: (indigestible) crude fibre will\r\nnever harm your animals! Moreover, this\r\nknowledge is increasingly being taken into\r\naccount in feeding poultry in general and\r\neven in the feeding of animals raised for\r\nmeat production.

    \r\n\r\nSummary<\/strong>

    \r\n\r\nIn conclusion, the question is posed whether\r\nthe committed animal nutritionist\r\nhas \u2018problems\u2019 with respect to poultry and\r\nin particular laying hen feed with the digestibility\r\nof crude fibres, or rather has a\r\nuse for them. It would seem to be time for\r\na paradigm shift.

    \r\n\r\nLiterature<\/strong>

    \r\n\r\nJeroch, Simon, Zentek – Geflu\u0308gelern\u00e4hrung\r\n[Poultry Nutrition] – Ulmer-Verlag 2012\r\nPottgu\u0308ter – Fibre in Layer Diets – Lohmann\r\nInformation, Vol. 43, October 2008

    \r\n\r\nRobert Pottgu\u0308ter<\/em>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Every poultry rearer and farmer knows that\r\ncrude fibre is important in feeding cow,\r\nsows, horses and rabbits \u2013 but in poultry\r\nfeeding?","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":52856,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2335],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52855","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poultry-news-zh-hans","issue-1-2019-zh-hans","yeararchive-2019-zh-hans","authors-robert-pottguter-zh-hans"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"Practical aspects of feeding, crude fibre applications and problems with digestion in poultry feed? - Lohmann Breeders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/practical-aspects-of-feeding-crude-fibre-applications-and-problems-with-digestion-in-poultry-feed\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Practical aspects of feeding, crude fibre applications and problems with digestion in poultry feed? 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