{"id":52859,"date":"2020-07-24T10:53:20","date_gmt":"2020-07-24T08:53:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/one-challenge-one-opportunity\/"},"modified":"2020-07-24T10:53:20","modified_gmt":"2020-07-24T08:53:20","slug":"one-challenge-one-opportunity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/one-challenge-one-opportunity\/","title":{"rendered":"ONE CHALLENGE \u2013 ONE OPPORTUNITY"},"content":{"rendered":"

CAGE FREE LAYERS \u2013 FROM A DANISH POINT OF VIEW<\/h2>\r\n\r\nHistory \u2013 Figures from 2017<\/strong>

\r\n\r\nIn Denmark for the last five to six years,\r\nwe have seen a change in the demand for\r\ntable eggs – shifting from more than 50%\r\nof eggs coming from enriched cages to\r\nmore and more eggs coming from alternative\r\nhousing systems. Eggs from barn\r\nand organic production, in particular,\r\nhave increased to the detriment of eggs\r\nfrom cage systems. This development is\r\nlikely to continue and will be driven by\r\nthe supermarket ban on selling table eggs\r\nfrom enriched cages from 2017\/2018.

\r\n\r\n\r\nMany years of experience and excellent\r\nmanagement, especially in organic\r\nproduction, show that today\u2019s breeds are\r\nall very efficient and can be adapted to\r\nthe housing system \u2013 no matter whether\r\nit is a house for cage layers or organic production.\r\nThe pullets and hens need to be\r\n\u201ctrained\u201d for each housing system.

\r\n\r\nBeak trimming facts \u2013 history of\r\nDenmark:<\/strong>

\r\n\r\n
  • Until 2013, all laying hens for enriched\r\ncages, barn and free-range production\r\nwere debeaked. (beak trimming\r\nwas performed on day-old chickens at\r\nthe hatchery)<\/li>\r\n
  • From 2013, beak trimming was banned\r\nfor enriched cages. In addition,\r\none year later – from 1 July 2014 \u2013\r\nbeak trimming of day-old chicks for\r\nalternative egg production systems\r\nwas also prohibited.<\/li>\r\n
  • Hens for organic production have never\r\nbeen beak trimmed in Denmark!\r\nSince 2003, pullets for organic production\r\nhave been raised in organic\r\nsystems and welfare screening was\r\nintroduced by the authorities.<\/li><\/ul>

    \r\n\r\n\r\nHow to manage a “perfect” performance!<\/strong>

    \r\n\r\nIn accordance with animal welfare and efficiency,\r\nwe all want our hens to perform\r\nwell \u2013 no matter whether they are kept in\r\nenriched cages or in alternative housing\r\nsystems. Healthy birds with a good feather\r\ncover and the \u201cright shape\u201d are essential for\r\nanimal welfare as well as high egg numbers,\r\ncorrect feed consumption and good\r\negg quality etc. Laying hens in \u201cgood shape\u201d\r\nare calm and curious.

    \r\n\r\nFigure 2<\/em> shows an example of efficiency\r\ndata from an organic flock that reports\r\ndata to the Danish efficiency control programme\r\naccording to the hen\u2019s age in\r\nweeks (hen age is at the bottom of the fig):\r\nThe figure shows high efficiency \u2013 due to:

    \r\n\r\n
    • low mortality\/high livability (red)<\/li>\r\n
    • very high egg yield (dark blue)<\/li>\r\n
    • development in egg weight (light\r\nblue) and high number of eggs in\r\nclass M and L shown on the green line\r\n(highest egg price),<\/li>\r\n
    • low feed consumption (pink)<\/li>\r\n
    • low number of downgrades from\r\npacking station (brown)<\/li><\/ul>

      \r\n\r\nThe flock ends up at 79 weeks of age with\r\na total egg number of 374 eggs per hen\r\nhoused and an FCR at 128 g feed per pc\r\negg, or 2.15 kg feed per kg egg mass.\r\nThe curves in the figure show a persistent\r\nand consistent flock!

      \r\n\r\nThis farmer has often delivered fine\r\nproduction results. This is not due to luck\r\nbut to hard work and excellent management!\r\nThe farmer is systematic in his daily\r\nwork and very regularly in inspection and\r\nstimulation (silage, oyster shells etc).

      \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n

      \r\n\r\nFigure 1.<\/strong> The images are from organic and barn production<\/em>\r\n

      \r\n\r\n\r\nDebeaked versus non-debeaked hens<\/strong>

      \r\n\r\nNon-debeaked hens in enriched cages did\r\nnot show any difference in behaviour, efficiency\r\netc. compared with debeaked hens in\r\nenriched cages. Consequently, no aspect of\r\nmanagement practice needed to be changed.

      \r\n\r\nPossibly due to this, to a greater or lesser\r\ndegree, we did not make any changes\r\nin the rearing, transfer and feeding strategy\r\nwhen beak trimming was banned in alternative\r\nhousing systems. This was a mistake!

      \r\n\r\nIn the first years following the ban,\r\nwe faced many challenges in managing\r\nnon-debeaked hens. Many flocks became\r\nstressed from the beginning of lay and\r\nstarted feather pecking. This often led to\r\nhigher mortality, lower egg numbers, increased\r\nfeed consumption and poor egg\r\nquality due to the lack of feathers.

      \r\n\r\nFig 3 Pictures of some of the first flocks\r\nafter the beak trimming ban showing\r\nstressed and feather pecked hens

      \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"

      \r\n\r\nFigure 2.<\/strong> Example of efficiency data from an organic flock<\/em>\r\n

      \r\n\r\nExperiences from Sweden and organic\r\nfarming and in Denmark<\/strong>

      \r\n\r\nExperience from organic egg production\r\nin Denmark and from barn production in\r\nSweden on good management of alternative\r\nflocks with non-debeaked hens has\r\nclarified important management tools.\r\nLots of work and a focus on management\r\nfactors during the last few years have\r\nmade things better, but there is still room\r\nfor improvement!

      \r\n\r\nSome important key factors on how\r\nto manage a flock \u2013 whether it is an organic\r\nflock or a barn or free-range production\r\nsystem seem to be clear. In general,\r\none can claim that compared with cage\r\nhousing systems, free roaming hens need\r\na quick response in management!

      \r\n\r\nImportant key factors for success in\r\negg production<\/strong>

      \r\n\r\nOne of the most important key factors\r\n(some will claim that it is the most important!)\r\nis rearing process, and thereby, the\r\nquality of the pullets! Quality means that\r\nthe pullets should have been reared under\r\nthe same conditions as in the laying\r\nhouse \u2013 they should be well developed\r\nand trained to jump and grip the perches\r\nand should have learned to sleep in the\r\nsystem. In addition, a pullet must have\r\nachieved the recommended bodyweight\r\nand uniformity.

      \r\n\r\nIt takes time to raise a flock of pullets\r\nwell\u2013 which applies to all systems: barn,\r\nfree-range or organic! A focus on every single\r\nstage in the life of the pullet is needed \u2013\r\nfrom day-old chick until transfer to the hen\r\nhouse \u2013 following the recommendations\r\nfrom the breeding company and using\r\nour experience and \u201cgut-feelings\u201d. Management\r\ncan be difficult to define, but if rearer\r\nfarmers want to apply good management\r\npractice and intervene before anything\r\ngoes wrong, they must spend time inside\r\nthe house observing the birds! The farmer\r\nmust check the chickens or pullets at least\r\ntwice a day. Besides enabling a quick response,\r\nthe birds will also be calmer if they\r\nget used to people inside the house.

      \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
      Experience leads to a statement\r\nand conclusion in my opinion: You\r\ncan get your pullets or layers to do\r\nalmost whatever you want them\r\nto and they can get used to almost\r\nevery type of environment, equipment,\r\nnoise etc.: They just need to\r\nbe trained!<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"

      \r\n\r\nFigure 3.<\/strong> First flocks after the beak trimming ban<\/em>

      \r\n\r\n\r\nI think this explains why we are quite successful\r\nwith organic egg production in\r\nDenmark. The pullets are accustomed to a\r\nvariety of different factors during the day\r\nfrom when they are young chickens such\r\nas changes in sunlight, roughage, outdoor\r\narea, noises etc. This makes them calmer\r\nand more robust.

      \r\n\r\nAs an example of how you can \u201ctrain\u201d\r\nyour pullets, the following picture from\r\nan organic pullet rearing farm shows that\r\nmany birds will use the outdoor area if\r\nthey are used to it. At the time, the pullets\r\nwere about 15 weeks of age and the farmer\r\nhad opened the pop holes 3 minutes\r\nbefore the photo was taken!

      \r\n\r\nAs mentioned before, every organic\r\nhen in Denmark is raised using organic\r\nmethods: meaning they have access to an\r\noutdoor area from 6-9 weeks of age (depending\r\non time of the year). It shows the\r\neffect of devoting a lot of time to managing!\r\nIt is difficult to define but easy to see\r\nthe positive results of good management!\r\nThe flock shown in the efficiency curves\r\nin figure 2 was actually raised at this farm,\r\nwhich simply emphasizes the value of pullets\r\nof excellent quality.

      \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n

      \r\n\r\nFigure 4.<\/strong> Organic pullet rearing farm<\/em>\r\n

      \r\n\r\n\r\nHow to avoid undesirable bad behaviour<\/strong>

      \r\n\r\nFactors of great importance on animal\r\nwelfare and production:
      \r\n
      • Pullet quality: good quality is one\r\nof the key factors for success in egg\r\nproduction.<\/li>\r\n
      • Feed and feed management.\r\nChickens, pullets and hens may feel\r\nconfident at any way and they must\r\nhave fulfilled their nutrient need at all\r\nstages in their lives.<\/li>\r\n
      • Enrichment tools during the day:\r\naccess to e.g. alfalfa balls, pecking\r\nstones, silage\/roughage, straw<\/li>\r\n
      • An attractive outdoor area if hens are\r\norganic or free-range provides diversion\r\nand reduces stocking density\r\ninside the house<\/li>\r\n
      • Right climate and temperature: low\r\nlevels of ammonia and the correct\r\ntemperature give better air quality.<\/li>\r\n
      • Frequently inspect the flock for the\r\npresence of worms and red mites, as\r\nparasites cause high stress levels<\/li><\/ul>\r\n

        \r\n\r\n\r\nOther factors can also greatly influence\r\nthe behaviour and the welfare of the hens.

        \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
        To secure high animal welfare and\r\ngood performance, accounting for\r\nthese factors is vital in the period\r\nfrom one day-old until slaughter.<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/strong>

        \r\n\r\n\r\nCharlotte Frantzen Bjerg, Adviser, DLG\/\r\nDanaeg, Denmark<\/em>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"CAGE FREE LAYERS \u2013 FROM A DANISH POINT OF VIEW History […]","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":52860,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2335],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52859","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poultry-news-zh-hans","issue-1-2019-zh-hans","yeararchive-2019-zh-hans","authors-charlotte-frantzen-bjerg-zh-hans"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"ONE CHALLENGE \u2013 ONE OPPORTUNITY - Lohmann Breeders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/one-challenge-one-opportunity\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ONE CHALLENGE \u2013 ONE OPPORTUNITY - 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