{"id":53013,"date":"2020-07-24T13:53:37","date_gmt":"2020-07-24T11:53:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/60-years-genetic-improvement-of-laying-hens\/"},"modified":"2022-03-07T09:35:26","modified_gmt":"2022-03-07T08:35:26","slug":"60-years-genetic-improvement-of-laying-hens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/60-years-genetic-improvement-of-laying-hens\/","title":{"rendered":"60 YEARS GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF LAYING HENS"},"content":{"rendered":"<strong>The Beginning<\/strong><br><br>\r\n\r\nBreeding of hybrid laying hens in Cuxhaven\r\nstarted in 1959, based on a license\r\nagreement with Heisdorf &#038; Nelson Farms\r\n(H&#038;N), a leading breeding company for\r\nhybrid laying hens in the USA. H&#038;N had\r\nwon many random sample tests with the\r\n\u201cH&#038;N Nick Chick\u201d, a White Leghorn strain\r\ncross with superior combining ability, and\r\nArt Heisdorf was convinced that the application\r\nof reciprocal recurrent selection\r\n(RRS) would assure genetic progress for\r\nmany years.<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>HNL Nick Chick<\/strong><br><br>\r\n\r\nBased on this license agreemen, LOHMANN\r\nstarted to adapt the performance profile of\r\nthe \u201cHNL Nick Chick\u201d to the European egg\r\nmarket. In 1969, when I started to work in\r\nCuxhaven, the HNL Nick Chick had an excellent\r\nimage, and the number of parents\r\nplaced in Germany had increased to more\r\nthan 500,000 in 1969\/70. Compared to\r\nother White Leghorns, HNL layers known\r\nfor their calm behavior and superior egg\r\nquality. During the following years, we\r\nchanged the breeding program step-bystep\r\nand monitored genetic improvement,\r\nbased on internal \u201crepeat mating controls\u201d,\r\nofficial random sample tests and field reports.<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote>During my initial training at H&#038;N\r\n(1968\/69) I learned about the history of\r\nbreeding egg-type chickens since the rediscovery\r\nof Mendel\u2019s laws, almost 100 years\r\nago, and expected to learn more about\r\npotential improvements from analyzing\r\npedigreed records of the HNL lines, performance\r\nunder field conditions and discussion\r\nwith partners in the egg industry.<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/07\/60-YEARS-GENETIC-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80%\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/>\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>Improve genetic resistance to\r\nMarek\u2019s disease?<\/strong><br><br>\r\n\r\nOne of the questions was whether we\r\nshould try to improve genetic resistance\r\nto Marek\u2019s disease (MD). Before MD vaccines\r\nbecame available, pedigreed test\r\nflocks were exposed to a challenge on a\r\nfarm in Spain with a history of MD losses.\r\nIn three generations of progeny-testing,\r\nwe reduced MD mortality by 20% in a set\r\nof sub-lines, while egg production of the\r\nmain lines increased significantly. Soon after\r\nMD vaccines were introduced in practice,\r\nthe sub-lines were discontinued. The\r\ncumulative results are published in Muir\r\nand Aggrey (2003).<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>Testing methods<\/strong><br><br>\r\n\r\nEgg production of pedigreed test crosses\r\nwas recorded in floor pens with trap-nesting\r\nand single cages before my time. Since\r\nfloor testing was more expensive and results\r\nless accurate than from single cages,\r\nwe decided to expand single cage testing\r\nand added tests in group cages under field\r\nconditions. A statistical analysis of six years\r\ndata with paternal half-sib groups in single\r\ncages vs. group cages showed a high genetic\r\ncorrelation for most traits, except mortality.\r\nBefore each selection and reproduction\r\nof a new generation, genetic parameters\r\nwere estimated from the current generation\r\nand emphasis on individual traits reviewed\r\nin view of changing priorities in different\r\nsegments of the egg market.<br><br>\r\n\r\n<strong>From challenges to chances<\/strong><br><br>\r\n\r\nDuring the 1970s, egg producers were\r\nchallenged by rising feed prices and overproduction\r\nof eggs. Mortality of pullets\r\nhad been reduced since the introduction\r\nof MD vaccination, and per capita egg\r\nconsumption declined due to concerns\r\nabout salmonella infections, cholesterol\r\nand animal welfare. As a result, LOHMANN\r\nTIERZUCHT sold fewer white-egg parents\r\nin Germany and focused on additional\r\nexports. At the same time, we started to\r\nrecord individual feed intake and selected\r\nfor maximum egg income over feed cost.<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/07\/60-YEARS-GENETIC-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80%\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/>\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>Feather sexing<\/strong><br><br>\r\n\r\nAfter the end of the license agreement\r\nwith H&#038;N (in the meantime acquired by\r\nPfizer) and entry into the world market,\r\nwe learned that it is easier to develop\r\na competitive brown-egg layer than to\r\nchange consumer demand to whiteshelled\r\neggs, which can be produced\r\nat lower cost and have the same shell\r\nstrength and better internal quality.\r\nHatcheries placing LOHMANN Brown\r\nparents soon recognized the advantage\r\nof color-sexing and became interested\r\nin feather-sexing White Leghorns. <br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote>We\r\nknew from the literature and the experience\r\nof other companies that feathersexing\r\nWhite Leghorns are susceptible\r\nto Lymphoid Leucosis (LL). While introducing\r\nthe gene for slow feathering\r\n(K) from an experimental line into the\r\nLSL female line (10 generations backcrossing),\r\nthe pedigree generation of all\r\nlines was screened for LL carriers, and\r\nfield testing with LSL-F started after the\r\nvirus had been eradicated.<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n<strong>Improvement of parent performance<\/strong><br><br>\r\n\r\nOne of the questions we wanted to\r\nanswer was, whether a modification of\r\nRRS to include pure-line performance\r\ncould help to improve parent performance,\r\nwithout compromising the rate\r\nof progress for commercial hybrids. We\r\nestimated heterosis in 1973\/74 after longterm\r\nRRS, based on pure-line and crossline\r\ndaughters reproduced simultaneously\r\nby artificial insemination and tested\r\nin single cages; results were presented\r\nat the European Poultry Conference in\r\nHamburg (1980). When we compared\r\npure-line and cross-line results again in\r\n1986\/87 for the LSL lines, the reciprocal\r\ncrosses had gained 2 eggs per year (318\r\nvs. 292 eggs) and the pure-lines 3 eggs\r\nper year (288 vs. 249 eggs in 52 weeks).<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Apparently heterosis had been reduced\r\n(from 17.3 to 10.4%) by selecting on\r\na combination of pure-line and cross-line\r\nperformance. The improved pure-line and\r\nparent performance was noted by the hatcheries\r\nand helped to reduce chick production\r\ncost, but was not a topic for the\r\nannual franchize hatchery meetings, where\r\nI used to present a summary of random\r\nsample tests and predicted genetic improvements,\r\nbased on the selection we had\r\npracticed already. During the 30 years of\r\nmy responsibility, the HNL and LSL entries\r\nconsistently ranked on top or close to the\r\ntop in terms of egg income over feed cost.<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n<strong>Introduction of LOHMANN BROWN<\/strong><br><br>\r\n\r\nWhen LOHMANN BROWN was first introduced,\r\nsome hatcheries complained that\r\nthey did not reach the hatchability specified\r\nin the management program and\r\nwere short of chicks. I then resisted the\r\nsuggestion to reduce the standards and\r\ninstead promised genetic improvements\r\nin the near future. One my graduate students,\r\nAnke F\u00f6rster (1993), started with\r\nthis problem for her thesis, analyzed reasons\r\nfor poor hatchability and helped to\r\nsolve this problem.<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Several other graduate students\r\nworked with pedigree records of our whiteegg\r\nand brown-egg breeding programs,\r\nand their results contributed to a series\r\nof improvements. Henning Willeke (1972)\r\nstarted with an analysis of egg production\r\nin 4-week periods and showed how annual\r\ngenetic progress can be maximized by predicting\r\nfull-year results from part records.\r\nSince then, we have focused on persistency\r\nof egg production (and shell quality).<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\nWhen Art Heisdorf decided to start\r\nwith RRS, a strong argument was that this\r\nbreeding scheme did not require inbreeding\r\nto generate new crosses. However,\r\nintensive selection always leads to some\r\ninbreeding, which can be estimated from the \u201ceffective population size&#8221;. Hossein\r\nAmeli (1989) estimated the rate of inbreeding\r\nfrom a large volume of pedigree data\r\nfrom the original HNL lines, after 12 generation\r\nclassical RRS (ignoring pure-line\r\nperformance) and 12 years combined selection\r\non cross-line and pure-line performance\r\n(mRRS).<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/media\/2020\/07\/60-YEARS-GENETIC-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80%\" class=\"imgcenter\" \/>\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>Focus of genetic improvement<\/strong><br><br>\r\n\r\nWhile the focus of genetic improvement\r\nwas always on efficient egg production,\r\nwe invested a lot in shell quality, especially\r\nshell strength in white-egg lines and shell\r\ncolor in brown-egg lines. Many people expect\r\na negative correlation between the\r\nrate of egg production and shell strength.<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Actually the genetic correlation is slightly\r\npositive, if only \u201csalable\u201d eggs with intact\r\nshells are counted and the effect of hen\r\nage is taken into account. The negative\r\ncorrelation between egg size and shell\r\nstrength is another story. We selected\r\nmany years on shell breaking strength\r\nand added resonance testing in recent\r\nyears. Today, all white-egg and brown-egg\r\nstrains from Lohmann should have superior\r\nshell strength.<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\nShell color of brown-egg strains has\r\nnothing to do with the nutritional value\r\nof eggs, but is often used as sales criterion\r\nand therefore has been given attention in\r\nthe Lohmann Brown breeding program,\r\nbased on photometric measurement (La-\r\nb Index) and subjective scoring. Unfortunately\r\ndark shell color is correlated with\r\nthe incidence of blood and meat spots.<br><br>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote>During the last 20 years, the emphasis\r\nof testing and genetic improvement has\r\nbeen on adaptation to non-cage conditions.\r\nGenomic selection has become a\r\nstandard to combine quantitative and\r\nqualitative information from several generations\r\nin different management systems.\r\nToday\u2019s commercial layers can produce\r\nmore eggs due to genetically improved\r\npersistency, and a range of different strain\r\ncrosses is available to meet specific customer\r\ndemand.<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n<br><br>\r\n\r\n<em>Dietmar K. Flock<\/em>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"The Beginning Breeding of hybrid laying hens in Cuxhave [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":53015,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2335],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53013","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poultry-news-zh-hans","issue-2-2019-zh-hans","yeararchive-2019-zh-hans","authors-dietmar-k-flock-zh-hans"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>60 YEARS GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF LAYING HENS - Lohmann Breeders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lohmann-breeders.com\/zh-hans\/60-years-genetic-improvement-of-laying-hens\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"60 YEARS GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF LAYING HENS - 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